Renal

What is the primary compensatory mechanism initiated by the kidneys in response to decreased renal perfusion due to heart failure?

A patient presents with facial swelling, hematuria, and hypertension. Urinalysis reveals protein, blood, and RBC casts. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

A child is diagnosed with Minimal Change Disease. What would an electron microscopy of the kidney most likely show?

Which of the following findings is characteristic of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)?

Which zone of the nephron normally has the highest osmolality?

Why does creatinine clearance overestimate GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?

What acid-base disturbance would most likely result from excessive normal saline infusion?

What is a common cause of unilateral hydronephrosis?

A patient with chronic kidney disease presents with deep pain in multiple areas. Lab results show increased phosphate and PTH, and decreased Vit D. What is the most likely underlying cause?

A patient is prescribed spironolactone. What electrolyte imbalance should the physician be most concerned about?

Which diuretic exerts its primary action by inhibiting the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

How does increased renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole contribute to hyperplasia in renal artery stenosis?

In a patient with diabetes insipidus, how is the osmolality affected in the collecting duct?

Why might the combined use of diuretics and strenuous physical activity at high altitude lead to hypovolemia?

A patient with kidney failure presents with metabolic acidosis. Which of the following lab findings would you expect to see?

What is the main function of mannitol as a diuretic?

Which of the following changes in renal dynamics occurs during pregnancy to increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A patient diagnosed with IgA nephropathy would most likely have which of the following?

In the Renal Buffer System, what is the role of glutamine breakdown?

A patient presents with acute anuria and suprapubic fullness. What is the most likely cause?

When a patient with chronic hypertension experiences a rapid correction of their blood pressure, what is the primary mechanism by which acute kidney injury is induced?

In the context of diabetic nephropathy, what is the initial renal hemodynamic change that leads to an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Microscopic examination of a renal biopsy from a patient with suspected diabetic nephropathy is most likely to show which of the following characteristic features?

A patient presents with urinary incontinence primarily characterized by leakage that occurs with coughing, sneezing, or lifting. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely underlying cause?

A patient experiencing sudden, overwhelming urges to urinate is diagnosed with urge incontinence. Which of the following is the most common cause of this condition?

Mirabegron, a beta-3 adrenergic agonist, is prescribed for a patient with urge incontinence. What is the primary mechanism by which this medication helps to alleviate the symptoms?

The mature upper urinary tract is derived from which of the embryological structures during kidney development?

What is the primary embryological defect underlying posterior urethral valves (PUV)?

A post-hospitalized patient presents with nausea, decreased oral intake, and an elevated creatinine level. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of acute kidney injury in this scenario?

A renal biopsy of a patient with malignant hypertension reveals hyperplastic arteriosclerosis with 'onion-skinning'. What pathological process is most directly associated with these findings?

A patient with Goodpasture syndrome typically presents with a combination of which of the following clinical findings?

A patient presents with hematuria following ifosfamide chemotherapy treatment. What is the most likely cause of the hematuria in this patient?

What enzymatic activity is inhibited in Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME) due to excessive licorice consumption, leading to increased mineralocorticoid effects?

A patient who recently started taking a new medication presents with fever, rash, and eosinophils in their urine. These findings are most consistent with which of the following renal conditions?

A patient diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) is most likely to present with which of the following initial symptoms?

What is the strongest risk factor for the development of urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma)?

As individuals age, what change typically occurs in the renal tubules' response to ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?

What is the primary mechanism by which citrate can prevent calcium kidney stone formation?

A patient experiencing diarrhea is at increased risk for uric acid kidney stone formation due to which of the following mechanisms?

A patient with sickle cell trait presents with acute flank pain and gross hematuria. What renal complication is most likely occurring in this patient?

In unilateral renal artery stenosis, what is the primary mechanism by which the stenotic kidney attempts to maintain glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

What changes in electrolyte levels would you expect to see in a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to impaired kidney function and vascular calcifications?

A patient is prescribed furosemide. What is the most likely acid-base disturbance associated with this diuretic?

A patient taking amiloride is also prescribed a loop diuretic. What is the rationale for prescribing these two medications together?

A patient is diagnosed with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. What is the mechanism by which lithium causes this condition?

Following a lower rib fracture sustained in a car accident, a patient develops hematuria. Which kidney is more likely to be injured and why?

A patient presents with severe diarrhea. Which acid-base disturbance and electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur as a result?

In the context of renal embryology, from which structure does the glomerulus develop?

A patient with high altitude sickness is likely to experience which acid-base imbalance as a compensatory mechanism?

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients?

A patient has a kidney stone lodged at the ureterovesical junction (UVJ). Which artery provides the primary blood supply to this region of the ureter?

A patient with renal tubular acidosis Type 4 presents with hyperkalemia. What is the underlying mechanism contributing to this electrolyte imbalance?

In a patient with suspected renal artery stenosis, what compensatory change is expected in the contralateral kidney?

Following a period of starvation, a patient is refed with a high-carbohydrate diet. What electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur, and what is the primary mechanism?

A patient is diagnosed with malignant nephrosclerosis due to uncontrolled hypertension. What pathological feature is most closely associated with this condition?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 mL/min. How would you expect their serum creatinine levels to be affected compared to a healthy individual?

Which portion of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions?

A patient undergoing treatment for a cerebral injury develops hyponatremia. What is the most likely underlying renal-related mechanism?

What is the primary urinalysis finding that allows for the diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

A patient is suspected of having a kidney stone obstructing the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). Where is this obstruction located?

A newborn is diagnosed with a horseshoe kidney. What embryological process is most closely associated with this congenital anomaly?

A patient is prescribed acetazolamide. In which portion of the nephron does this medication exert its primary diuretic effect?

Which of the following diuretics is most likely to cause hyperkalemia as a significant adverse effect?

Bethanechol is prescribed for a patient with post-operative urinary retention. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?

A patient with severe vomiting presents with metabolic alkalosis. What is the primary mechanism contributing to this acid-base disturbance?

How do prostaglandins contribute to maintaining glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis develops nephrotic syndrome. Which of the following pathological processes is most likely contributing to this condition?

A patient presents with muscle pain, fatigue, and dark urine after starting a new intense exercise regimen. Urinalysis reveals muddy brown casts. What is the most likely underlying cause of these findings?

During pregnancy, the enlarged uterus can compress the ureters, increasing the risk for which renal condition?

What is the expected immunofluorescence pattern observed in a patient with anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease?