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Which disciplines are part of cognitive science?

Philosophy and Psychology

What are some of the topics discussed in cognitive science?

How minds create colors and shapes

What are some of the big questions in cognitive science?

Morality and Free will

According to the text, what is the main argument against Behaviorism?

There is no mapping between physical inputs and outputs Signup and view all the answers

What did Alan Turing's universal Turing machine demonstrate?

The ability to simulate any other arbitrary Turing machine Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the benefit of the cognitive psychologists' view?

It takes into account cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind computation as the answer to the puzzle?

The operation of a physical system is caused by the information it represents given the input Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main focus of cognitive science?

Computation Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between Turing machines and human minds?

Turing machines process information serially Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main idea behind the double dissociation process?

Process B is intact while A is disrupted Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what can we learn from examining patterns of symptoms in rare cases of brain damage?

How the mind works normally Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is one of the foundational principles in COGS?

Decomposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with positing another equally intelligent being who does our minds' work for us?

It leads to an infinite regress Signup and view all the answers

What is the bet made in idealized cognitive science process?

We can explain all mental processes without anything mysterious Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of materialism in cognitive science?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key insight from Phantom Limb Syndrome?

Phantom Limb Syndrome suggests that functional topography can be changed in fully developed adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is Alien Limb Syndrome characterized by?

Initiation of spontaneous movements without the patient's knowledge or will. Signup and view all the answers

What does damage to the prefrontal cortex result in?

Personality changes and increased utilitarian moral judgments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between decomposition and reduction in cognitive science?

Decomposition involves breaking down a process into steps, while reduction involves going between mental and physical levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Balint's Syndrome?

Inability to see more than one object at a time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between visual agnosia and prosopagnosia?

Visual agnosia affects object recognition, while prosopagnosia affects face recognition Signup and view all the answers

What does the case of Terry, who has prosopagnosia, reveal about face recognition?

Face recognition is holistic Signup and view all the answers

What does the case of the patient presented by Coslett & Saffran suggest about the processing of objects?

Objects can be recognized without conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

According to Fodor's theory of modularity, which of the following statements is true?

Modules operate automatically when the specific type of input is present Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of modularity in the context of Fodor's theory?

Modularity refers to the localization of mental functions to different parts of the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between face processing and processing of normal objects according to Fodor's theory?

Face processing is disrupted by changes in orientation, while processing of normal objects is not Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the informationally encapsulated nature of modules in Fodor's theory?

Cognitive impenetrability Signup and view all the answers

Which disciplines are part of cognitive science?

Philosophy, Psychology, Linguistics Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cognitive science?

The study of the mind as an information processor Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the big questions in cognitive science?

Morality, Free will, Consciousness Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main problem with Behaviorism?

There is no direct mapping between physical stimuli and behavioral responses. Signup and view all the answers

What did Chomsky argue in his review of Skinner?

There is too little stimulus in the world to learn all of what we know. Signup and view all the answers

What did Turing's universal Turing machine demonstrate?

The ability of a machine to simulate any other arbitrary Turing machine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind computation as the answer to the puzzle?

The operation of a physical system is caused not just by the physical input, but by the information it represents given that input. Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between a Turing machine and a human mind?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between decomposition and reduction in cognitive science?

Decomposition focuses on breaking down complex processes into simpler ones, while reduction focuses on explaining cognitive functions in terms of physical structures Signup and view all the answers

What is Alien Limb Syndrome characterized by?

Uncontrolled and involuntary movement of a limb Signup and view all the answers

What does the case of the patient presented by Coslett & Saffran suggest about the processing of objects?

Object processing is independent of face processing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Phantom Limb Syndrome is true?

Phantom Limb Syndrome is characterized by simultaneous sensations in the face and phantom limb. Signup and view all the answers

According to Fodor's theory of modularity, which of the following statements is true?

Modules are informationally encapsulated Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Alien Limb Syndrome and Phantom Limb Syndrome?

Alien Limb Syndrome results in spontaneous movements without the patient's knowledge or will. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between face processing and processing of normal objects according to Fodor's theory?

Face processing is mandatory and automatic, while processing of normal objects is optional Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the concept of modularity in cognitive science?

The mind has separable parts that give rise to complex phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of modularity being domain specific?

Modules can only act on certain types of input Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument against Behaviorism?

Behaviorism fails to explain complex phenomena in terms of less complex parts. Signup and view all the answers

What did Yin's study on object recognition in different orientations reveal?

People are especially bad at re-identifying upside-down faces Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are the four foundational principles in COGS?

Decomposition, Materialism, Reduction, Computation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Rationalists and Empiricists?

Rationalists believe in direct perception of the truth, while Empiricists focus on the association between different perceptions and actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the reductionist approach in cognitive science?

The mind reduces to basic physical changes in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cognitive science according to the text?

Understanding how the mind works and how complex mental processes can be broken down into simpler steps Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between visual agnosia and prosopagnosia?

Visual agnosia affects object recognition, while prosopagnosia affects face recognition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the informationally encapsulated nature of modules in Fodor's theory?

Modularity Signup and view all the answers

What does the case of Terry, who has prosopagnosia, reveal about face recognition?

Face recognition can be impaired while object recognition remains intact. Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main idea behind the double dissociation process?

Object recognition and face recognition can be impaired independently. Signup and view all the answers

Which disciplines are part of cognitive science?

Philosophy and Psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cognitive science?

Studying the mind as an information processor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between visual agnosia and prosopagnosia?

Visual agnosia affects face recognition, while prosopagnosia affects object recognition Signup and view all the answers

Which type of case study is discussed in the text?

Cases of visual agnosia and related phenomena Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between visual agnosia and prosopagnosia?

Visual agnosia affects object recognition, while prosopagnosia affects face recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of Balint's Syndrome?

Simultagnosia Signup and view all the answers

What does the case presented by Coslett & Saffran suggest about the processing of objects?

Processing of objects can occur without conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main idea behind the reductionist approach in cognitive science?

To break down complex mental processes into simpler steps Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main focus of cognitive science?

To understand how the mind works Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between visual agnosia and prosopagnosia?

Visual agnosia affects object recognition, while prosopagnosia affects face recognition Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main idea behind the concept of modularity in cognitive science?

The mind is composed of specialized modules that process specific types of information Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between a Turing machine and a human mind?

Turing machines operate serially, while humans process information in parallel Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main problem with Behaviorism?

Behaviorism does not take into account the internal mental processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Alien Limb Syndrome and Phantom Limb Syndrome?

Alien Limb Syndrome is characterized by the feeling of a limb being present but not under conscious control, while Phantom Limb Syndrome is the perception of a missing limb Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the concept of modularity in cognitive science?

Modularity refers to the idea that cognitive processes are independent and can operate separately from each other Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of modularity in cognitive science?

The idea that the mind is made up of a collection of separable parts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Alien Limb Syndrome and Phantom Limb Syndrome?

Alien Limb Syndrome is characterized by spontaneous movements without the patient's knowledge or will, while Phantom Limb Syndrome is characterized by sensations felt in a missing limb Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the reductionist approach in cognitive science?

Explaining complex phenomena by breaking them down into simpler parts Signup and view all the answers

What does damage to the prefrontal cortex result in?

Personality changes and increased utilitarian moral judgments Signup and view all the answers

According to Fodor's theory of modularity, which of the following statements is true?

Modules operate automatically if the input is present Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between face processing and processing of normal objects according to Fodor's theory?

Face processing happens in the canonical format Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the informationally encapsulated nature of modules in Fodor's theory?

Cognitive impenetrability Signup and view all the answers

What did Yin's study on object recognition in different orientations reveal?

People are especially bad at re-identifying upside-down faces Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main problem with Behaviorism?

There is no nice mapping between physical inputs and outputs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Turing machines and human minds according to the text?

Turing machines have a neat mapping from stimuli to behavior, while human minds do not Signup and view all the answers

What did Turing's universal Turing machine demonstrate?

The ability to simulate any other arbitrary Turing machine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind computation as the answer to the puzzle?

Computation can maintain naturalism and materialism while allowing for independence between physical inputs and outputs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes linear filtering in sensory systems?

Neurons operate on sensory inputs by weighted summation in linear receptive fields Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Marr's approach in understanding neural circuits?

To view each biological neuron or network as an implementation of a more general computational algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What is the Connectome?

A full diagram of the circuits of the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for providing additional focus?

Lens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Turing machine?

A machine that can perform any computation no matter how complicated Signup and view all the answers

What is the main theory of color vision discussed in the text?

Trichromatic theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main symptom of Balint's Syndrome?

Spatial disorientation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a Turing machine and a human mind?

A Turing machine processes representations in a systematic way, while a human mind can think and experience emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the continuation of a visual sensation after the removal of the stimulus?

Afterimage Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a certain method of calculation is adequate for a task?

The Turing completeness of the method Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Posner cueing paradigm is true?

The Posner cueing paradigm tests the effect of spatially directed attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main finding of studies on the spatial distribution of observers' attention?

The presence of certain types of visual images can modulate the spatial distribution of observers' attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of invisible emotional stimuli on selective attention?

Invisible emotional stimuli can modulate selective attention Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main conclusion regarding the face processing abilities of infant monkeys reared with no face exposure?

Infant monkeys showed preference for human and monkey faces in photographs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conceptual error in the argument of biological determinism?

Equating 'inherited' or 'genetic' with 'unchangeable' Signup and view all the answers

What did the binocular vision studies and adaptation and threshold detection studies reveal about our perceptual apparatus?

The existence of independent, spatial-frequency-tuned channels in the early stage of our perceptual apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Gestalt school of psychology?

Describing the qualities of wholes using terms like solidarity and distinctness Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is motion-induced blindness (MIB)?

When objects in full view repeatedly fluctuate into and out of conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main cause of inattentional blindness?

Divided attention tasks involving processing by working memory Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between inattentional blindness caused by cell phone use and inattentional blindness caused by conversations with someone in the car?

Cell phone conversations are more distracting than conversations with someone in the car Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main prediction of the perceptual-scotoma account of motion-induced blindness (MIB)?

MIB should occur even when sustained global changes are implemented via cyclic changes in global luminance Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main symptom of Balint's Syndrome?

Spatial disorientation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Alien Limb Syndrome and Phantom Limb Syndrome?

Alien Limb Syndrome is specific to vision, while Phantom Limb Syndrome is a consequence of loss of topographic perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the reasonable person concept mentioned in the text?

The reasonable person weighs the foreseeable risk of harm their actions create vs. their utility Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the main difference between controlled processing and habits?

Controlled processing is a conscious and deliberate process, while habits are automatic and learned over time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Cognitive Science and Computation

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind as an information processor, involving disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, linguistics, AI, anthropology, neuroscience, and education.
Cognitive science explores various aspects of the mind, including how it processes information, how it creates perceptions of color, shape, and motion, how it tracks changing objects, and how it produces language.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in certain tasks but still falls short in many areas that humans find effortless.
The study of cognitive science aims to explain how the mind works by breaking down complex mental processes into simpler steps, ultimately reducing them to basic physical changes in the brain.
The field of cognitive science is guided by four foundational principles: decomposition, materialism/naturalism, reduction, and computation.
Decomposition involves breaking down complex mental processes into component parts.
Materialism/naturalism asserts that the mind is a product of physical processes and rejects the existence of anything supernatural or mysterious.
Reduction argues that the mind can be reduced to the physical processes of the brain.
Computation posits that the mind can be explained in terms of information processing.
Cognitive science aims to explain mental abilities by identifying simpler processes and ultimately reaching a point where machines can perform those processes through specific rules.
Behaviorism, which focused solely on observable physical stimuli and behaviors, was an early approach in psychology but proved inadequate in explaining the complexity of the mind.
The poverty of the stimulus argument highlights that there is insufficient stimulus in the world to account for all the knowledge humans possess, suggesting that there is more to perception than simple stimulus-response mappings.
Alan Turing's concept of a universal Turing machine, capable of simulating any other Turing machine, provided a solution to the puzzle of how a physical system can operate independently of its input's objective physical properties.

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