Unveiling Eukaryotic Cell Secrets
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  • Their genetic material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane
  • They have a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane (correct)
  • They have genetic material spread throughout the cytoplasm
  • They lack a true nucleus

    • What is a typical feature of eukaryotic cells?

  • Contain membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
  • Lack a plasma membrane

    • What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • Absence of a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane
  • Lack of a plasma membrane
  • Presence of membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Absence of genetic material

    • Which organelle is absent in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a membrane-bound organelle present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is specific to plant cells and not found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Haploid with a single chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histones in eukaryotic cells that is not present in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Help package DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of 70S ribosomes found in bacteria?

    <p>30S and 50S subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotes is mentioned as an exception with more complex lipid molecules in their membranes?

    <p>Mycoplasma species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipid molecules are NOT mentioned as present in the membranes of prokaryotes with complex lipids?

    <p>Waxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genera form endospores in harsh conditions?

    <p>Bacillus and Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions do certain genera form endospores?

    <p>Harsh conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endospores?

    <p>Dormant, asexual spores within active bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cells are endospores found?

    <p>Bacterial cells (active vegatative cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are endospores visualized microscopically with Gram stain?

    <p>As unstained areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain can be used to specifically visualize endospores? (multiple answers)

    <p>Schaeffer-Fulton stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes?

    <p>Phospholipids bilayer and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells do not contain sterols in their plasma membranes?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells from that of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of sterols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of prokaryotes is an exception in terms of plasma membrane composition?

    <p>Mycoplasma spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes?

    <p>Acting as an osmotic barrier and location of the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs at the location of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes?

    <p>Electron transport chain for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from serving as an osmotic barrier, what other function does the plasma membrane have in prokaryotes?

    <p>Location of the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell wall?

    <p>Maintains the shape of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are types of cell walls categorized?

    <p>Based on their staining characteristics: Gram-positive and Gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the gram-positive cell wall?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the glycan chains in the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-positive cell wall composed of?

    <p>alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the Gram-positive cell wall?

    <p>Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is lipoteichoic acid anchored in the Gram-positive cell wall?

    <p>To the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is teichoic acid anchored in the Gram-positive cell wall?

    <p>To the murein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of teichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall?

    <p>Providing structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is teichoic acid anchored to in the Gram-positive cell wall? two answers

    <p>Murein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the outer membrane unique to the Gram-negative cell wall?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharides, proteins, phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the inner peptidoglycan layer of Gram-negative cell walls from that of Gram-positive cell walls?

    <p>It is much thinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Inner lipid A (endotoxin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the periplasmic space located in Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Between the inner and outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three regions of LPS?

    <p>Antigenic O-specific polysaccharide, core polysaccharide, inner lipid A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stain used to visualize Mycobacterium and Nocardia?

    <p>Ziehl-Neelsen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the waxy cell wall of Mycobacterium and Nocardia primarily composed of? (mulitple)

    <p>layer of glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genera have a Gram-positive cell wall structure and a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids?

    <p>Mycobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall?

    <p>Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. cell membranes?

    <p>Contain sterols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma

    <p>Ability to assume variable shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are capsules primarily made of?

    <p>Polysaccharide polymers or polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of capsules in pathogenicity? multiple answers

    <p>Helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a slime layer differ from a capsule?

    <p>It is a more diffuse layer surrounding the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are flagella in bacteria primarily responsible for?

    <p>Causing motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pili/fimbriae in bacterial cells?

    <p>Adhering cells to surfaces and mediating DNA exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between flagella and pili/fimbriae in bacterial cells?

    <p>Flagella cause bacteria to be motile, while pili/fimbriae adhere cells to surfaces and mediate DNA exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is characterized by a spiral structure?

    <p>Spirochetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a species varying in size and shape within a pure culture?

    <p>Pleomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is characterized by a rod-like structure?

    <p>Bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is characterized by a spherical structure?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are associated with cocci shape?

    <p>Staphylococcus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are associated with bacilli shape?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are associated with spirochetes shape?

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common structure in which bacterial cells are arranged?

    <p>chains, pairs, cubical bundles, flat plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are associated with grape-like clusters?

    <p>Staphylococcus spp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are found in pairs? multiple

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are found in chains?

    <p>Streptococcus spp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents 50% of the dry weight of a bacterium?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up 14% of the dry weight of a bacterium?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is needed for performing cellular functions in bacteria?

    <p>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nutritional need for making cellular constituents in bacteria?

    <p>Source of carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major nutritional needs for growth in bacteria

    <p>source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

    <p>Autotrophs use carbon dioxide as the sole source of carbon, while heterotrophs require an organic source of carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do autotrophs obtain energy?

    <p>Photosynthetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of all bacteria that inhabit the human body?

    <p>They are heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

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