Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of toxicity for anticholinesterase?

  • ↑ Cholinergic signaling (correct)
  • ↑ Adrenergic signaling
  • ↓ Cholinergic signaling
  • ↓ Adrenergic signaling

    • Which treatment is used to alkalize urine in salicylate toxicity?

  • Atropine
  • Pralidoxime
  • NaHCO3 (correct)
  • N-acetylcysteine

    • What is the primary mechanism of toxicity for benzodiazepines?

  • CNS depression (correct)
  • ↓ Adrenergic signaling
  • ↑ Cholinergic signaling
  • Neuromuscular blockade

    • Which treatment is used to stabilize cardiac cell membranes in tricyclic antidepressant toxicity?

    <p>NaHCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of toxicity for methanol?

    <p>CNS depression and metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to chelate copper in copper toxicity?

    <p>Penicillamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of toxicity for arsenic?

    <p>Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to reverse opioid toxicity?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of toxicity for carbon monoxide?

    <p>Binding to hemoglobin and inhibition of cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to chelate iron in iron toxicity?

    <p>Deferoxamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>To decrease the activation energy of a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the rate of reactions catalyzed by enzymes?

    <p>Enzyme kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibition occurs when a ligand interacts with a site other than the binding site of an enzyme?

    <p>Noncompetitive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a protein that helps to maintain the structural integrity of a cell?

    <p>Anchor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the transmission of an external stimulus into a signal?

    <p>G protein-coupled receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum effect that can be produced by a ligand?

    <p>Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to cause an effect?

    <p>Ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concentration of a drug required to produce an effect?

    <p>Potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an inhibitor that competes with an agonist for the same binding site on a receptor?

    <p>Competitive antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect?

    <p>Dose-response curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cyanide on cellular metabolism?

    <p>Decreases cellular metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of toxicity of scombroid toxin?

    <p>Releases histamine via bacterial histidine decarboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for scombroid toxin?

    <p>Anti-histamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tetrodotoxin on nerves?

    <p>Blocks Na+ channels in nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of toxicity of ciguatoxin?

    <p>Opens Na+ channels in nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for ciguatoxin?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sodium nitrites on hemoglobin?

    <p>Converts Hb to MetHb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cyanide?

    <p>Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of age on pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Decreases drug elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of BioRender.com?

    <p>To create diagrams for pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anticholinesterase Toxicity

    • Inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and cholinergic synapses.

    Salicylate Toxicity

    • Sodium bicarbonate is used to alkalize urine in salicylate toxicity.

    Benzodiazepine Toxicity

    • Benzodiazepines primarily act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA, resulting in CNS depression.

    Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity

    • Sodium bicarbonate is used to stabilize cardiac cell membranes in tricyclic antidepressant toxicity.

    Methanol Toxicity

    • Methanol is metabolized to formic acid, which is highly toxic to the body, leading to metabolic acidosis and optic nerve damage.

    Copper Toxicity

    • Penicillamine is used to chelate copper in copper toxicity.

    Arsenic Toxicity

    • Arsenic disrupts cellular metabolism by interfering with enzymes involved in energy production.

    Opioid Toxicity

    • Naloxone is used to reverse opioid toxicity by acting as an opioid receptor antagonist.

    Carbon Monoxide Toxicity

    • Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than oxygen, leading to hypoxia.

    Iron Toxicity

    • Deferoxamine is used to chelate iron in iron toxicity.

    Enzyme Function

    • Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

    Enzymology

    • Enzymology is the study of the rate of reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

    Non-Competitive Inhibition

    • Allosteric inhibition occurs when a ligand interacts with a site other than the binding site of an enzyme, altering enzyme activity.

    Structural Proteins

    • Structural proteins, such as collagen and keratin, are responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of a cell.

    Receptor Types

    • Receptors involved in the transmission of external stimuli into a signal are called ionotropic receptors.

    Maximum Effect

    • The maximum effect that can be produced by a ligand is known as the efficacy.

    Ligand-Biomolecule Complex

    • A ligand that forms a complex with a biomolecule to cause an effect is called a modulator.

    Drug Concentration

    • The concentration of a drug required to produce an effect is called the potency.

    Competitive Inhibitor

    • A competitive inhibitor binds to the same site as an agonist, preventing the agonist from binding.

    Dose-Response Curve

    • A dose-response curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect.

    Cyanide Toxicity

    • Cyanide inhibits cellular respiration by binding to cytochrome oxidase, preventing electron transport and ATP production.

    Scombroid Toxin Mechanism

    • Scombroid toxin, produced by bacteria in spoiled fish, causes histamine accumulation, leading to a histamine-induced allergic reaction.

    Scombroid Toxin Treatment

    • Treatment for scombroid toxin involves managing symptoms with antihistamines.

    Tetrodotoxin Effect

    • Tetrodotoxin blocks sodium channels in nerve membranes, preventing the transmission of nerve impulses.

    Ciguatoxin Mechanism

    • Ciguatoxin, produced by algae and accumulated in fish, disrupts sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms.

    Ciguatoxin Treatment

    • Treatment for ciguatoxin is supportive, focusing on managing symptoms.

    Sodium Nitrites and Hemoglobin

    • Sodium nitrites convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which can bind to cyanide, reducing cyanide's toxicity.

    Cyanide Mechanism of Action

    • Cyanide binds to cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation, impairing cellular respiration and causing rapid cell death.

    Age and Pharmacokinetics

    • Age can impact pharmacokinetics, often leading to decreased metabolism and increased drug half-life in older patients.

    BioRender.com

    • BioRender.com is an online platform that provides a collection of pre-made and customizable biological illustrations, diagrams, and icons for scientific communication.

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