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Questions and Answers
What are the two main assumptions of the Industrial Revolution concept?
What are the two main assumptions of the Industrial Revolution concept?
- It was a gradual process and it only occurred in Britain
- It was a development from a pre-industrial to an industrial society, and a fundamental break with the past (correct)
- It was a global phenomenon that occurred simultaneously everywhere
- It only involved economic developments and not social ones
What was the primary focus of the Agricultural Revolution in the late 17th and 18th centuries in England?
What was the primary focus of the Agricultural Revolution in the late 17th and 18th centuries in England?
- To abolish the slave trade
- To enclosure small individual parcels of land into larger fields (correct)
- To develop new technologies for industrial production
- To increase trade and commerce with the Americas
How did the build-up of an Empire contribute to the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
How did the build-up of an Empire contribute to the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
- It made new technologies available
- It provided a large workforce
- It helped accumulate capital for investment in industrial production (correct)
- It reduced trade and commerce
What was the source of energy in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution?
What was the source of energy in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution?
What is the cultural component that contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
What is the cultural component that contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
Who invented the spinning jenny?
Who invented the spinning jenny?
What was the time period during which the Industrial Revolution took place in Britain?
What was the time period during which the Industrial Revolution took place in Britain?
What was the significance of the 'triangular' trade with the Americas?
What was the significance of the 'triangular' trade with the Americas?
What was the main focus of the initial phase of industrialization during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the main focus of the initial phase of industrialization during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the main source of energy during the 'age of iron'?
What was the main source of energy during the 'age of iron'?
Which region emerged as a centre for coal production during the Industrial Revolution?
Which region emerged as a centre for coal production during the Industrial Revolution?
What led to the end of Britain's century of industrial dominance?
What led to the end of Britain's century of industrial dominance?
What was a major social consequence of industrialization during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a major social consequence of industrialization during the Industrial Revolution?
What position did Britain achieve during the Industrial Revolution?
What position did Britain achieve during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the peak of British pre-eminence during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the peak of British pre-eminence during the Industrial Revolution?
What was a major consequence of the unification of Germany in 1871?
What was a major consequence of the unification of Germany in 1871?
What was the result of the British Empire by the end of the century?
What was the result of the British Empire by the end of the century?
What was the result of demands for political reform in the late 18th century?
What was the result of demands for political reform in the late 18th century?
What was the main consequence of the Great Reform Act of 1832?
What was the main consequence of the Great Reform Act of 1832?
Who was the mastermind behind the Second Reform Act of 1867?
Who was the mastermind behind the Second Reform Act of 1867?
What was the result of the party-political and tactical manoeuvrings within Parliament during the second half of the 19th century?
What was the result of the party-political and tactical manoeuvrings within Parliament during the second half of the 19th century?
What was the result of the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885?
What was the result of the Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885?
What was Queen Victoria's reign roughly coincided with?
What was Queen Victoria's reign roughly coincided with?
What was the 'Woman Question' in the Victorian Age?
What was the 'Woman Question' in the Victorian Age?
What was the result of the unification of Germany in 1871?
What was the result of the unification of Germany in 1871?
What was the consequence of the naval race between Britain and Germany?
What was the consequence of the naval race between Britain and Germany?
What was the purpose of the Schlieffen plan?
What was the purpose of the Schlieffen plan?
What was the result of the forming of alliances in Europe before World War I?
What was the result of the forming of alliances in Europe before World War I?
What was the event that triggered World War I?
What was the event that triggered World War I?
What was the outcome of the Schlieffen plan?
What was the outcome of the Schlieffen plan?
What was the main purpose of the British blockade during World War I?
What was the main purpose of the British blockade during World War I?
What event marked the turning point in the war in favor of the Allies?
What event marked the turning point in the war in favor of the Allies?
What was the outcome of the Hundred Days Offensive?
What was the outcome of the Hundred Days Offensive?
What was the main goal of the Peace of Versailles?
What was the main goal of the Peace of Versailles?
What was the consequence of the immense costs of the war for Britain?
What was the consequence of the immense costs of the war for Britain?
What was the consequence of the war for the British Empire?
What was the consequence of the war for the British Empire?
What was the reaction to the war and the militarism that led to it?
What was the reaction to the war and the militarism that led to it?
What was the main consequence of the appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany?
What was the main consequence of the appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany?
What event in March 1939 led to the abandoning of the policy of appeasement?
What event in March 1939 led to the abandoning of the policy of appeasement?
What was the result of the British campaign in Norway in 1940?
What was the result of the British campaign in Norway in 1940?
What was the significance of the evacuation of British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from Dunkirk?
What was the significance of the evacuation of British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from Dunkirk?
What was the main reason for the British victory in the Battle of Britain?
What was the main reason for the British victory in the Battle of Britain?
What event in June 1941 lifted pressure on Britain?
What event in June 1941 lifted pressure on Britain?
What was the significance of the El Alamein battle in 1942?
What was the significance of the El Alamein battle in 1942?
What was the outcome of the German defeat at Stalingrad in 1943?
What was the outcome of the German defeat at Stalingrad in 1943?
What was the significance of the D-Day landings in Normandy?
What was the significance of the D-Day landings in Normandy?
What was the significance of the fall of Singapore in 1942?
What was the significance of the fall of Singapore in 1942?
What led to Japan's quick surrender in August 1945?
What led to Japan's quick surrender in August 1945?
What was the consequence of Britain's unsuccessful attempt to maintain a separate nuclear deterrent?
What was the consequence of Britain's unsuccessful attempt to maintain a separate nuclear deterrent?
What was the outcome of the Suez Crisis for Britain?
What was the outcome of the Suez Crisis for Britain?
What was the main reason for the decline of British industries in the 1950s and 1960s?
What was the main reason for the decline of British industries in the 1950s and 1960s?
What was the result of the 'Winter of Discontent' in 1978-79?
What was the result of the 'Winter of Discontent' in 1978-79?
What was the outcome of Britain's attempt to continue trade relations with former colonies through the Commonwealth?
What was the outcome of Britain's attempt to continue trade relations with former colonies through the Commonwealth?
What was the social consequence of the decline of traditional heavy industries?
What was the social consequence of the decline of traditional heavy industries?
What was the impact of World War 2 on social cohesion?
What was the impact of World War 2 on social cohesion?
Why did British manufacturers struggle with standards of quality?
Why did British manufacturers struggle with standards of quality?
What was the result of Britain's decision to join the European Economic Community (EEC)?
What was the result of Britain's decision to join the European Economic Community (EEC)?
What was the consequence of the 'feel-good attitude' after the war?
What was the consequence of the 'feel-good attitude' after the war?
What was the outcome of the general election of 1945 in Britain?
What was the outcome of the general election of 1945 in Britain?
What was the main reason for Churchill being thrown out of office in 1945?
What was the main reason for Churchill being thrown out of office in 1945?
What was the main goal of the Labour party's economic planning in post-war Britain?
What was the main goal of the Labour party's economic planning in post-war Britain?
What was the main feature of the 'Era of Consensus' in British politics from 1945 to roughly 1970?
What was the main feature of the 'Era of Consensus' in British politics from 1945 to roughly 1970?
What was the primary focus of the British government's foreign policy in the immediate post-war period?
What was the primary focus of the British government's foreign policy in the immediate post-war period?
What was the main goal of the National Insurance Act of 1946?
What was the main goal of the National Insurance Act of 1946?
What was the main feature of the National Health Service introduced in 1948?
What was the main feature of the National Health Service introduced in 1948?
What was the result of the nationalization of industries and businesses in post-war Britain?
What was the result of the nationalization of industries and businesses in post-war Britain?
Who was the leader of the Labour party that implemented the comprehensive welfare state and nationalization policies?
Who was the leader of the Labour party that implemented the comprehensive welfare state and nationalization policies?
What was the 'mixed economy' referred to in the context of post-war Britain?
What was the 'mixed economy' referred to in the context of post-war Britain?
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Study Notes
The Nineteenth Century
- The Industrial Revolution:
- Transformation from a pre-industrial to an industrial society
- Fundamentally changed society and economy
- Took place in Britain from 1780 to 1830
- Reasons for the Industrial Revolution in Britain:
- Availability of labor due to the Agricultural Revolution
- Availability of capital for investment in industrial production
- Availability of technology and energy (water and coal)
- Cultural component: developing a capitalist culture
The Industrial Revolution: Three Phases
- 1780-1830: Initial phase, focusing on textiles, cotton, and iron
- 1830-1870: Emphasis on iron production, peak of Britain's industrial might
- 1870-1914: Late industrial age, diversification of industrial production
Social Consequences of Industrialisation
- The "Condition-of-England" question:
- Debate about whether industrialisation meant progress or decline
- Appalling living conditions for the working class in cities
- Child labor and long working hours were common
- Improved living standards from the 1850s onwards
Consequences for Britain's Position in the World
- Industrial Revolution led to Britain becoming a Great Power
- Pax Britannica: Britain's dominance in the world, protected by the Royal Navy
- Peak of British pre-eminence was in the 1850s and 1860s
Political and Constitutional Reform in the 19th Century
- Demands for reform began in the 1760s, influenced by the French Revolution
- Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884:
- Abolished rotten boroughs and redistributed seats
- Increased the electorate from 14% to 60% of adult males
- Redressed imbalances in national distribution of seats
- Key figures: William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli
Victorian Age and the "Woman Question"
- Queen Victoria reigned from 1837 to 1901
- The "Victorians": Conservative or forward-looking and progressive?
- The "Woman Question":
- Separate roles for men and women or equality between sexes?
- The Suffragettes campaigned for women's right to vote
World War I and II
-
Build-up to armed conflict, 1870-1914:
- Great power rivalry in Europe
- Race for colonies and an arms race
- Growing nationalism and militarism
-
World War I, 1914-1918:
- Tense situation escalated into global conflict
- Germany's Schlieffen plan and the war of attrition
- War at sea and the blockade of Germany
- Aftermath: Treaty of Versailles and reparatory payments
-
World War II, 1939-1945:
- Europe: German aggression, appeasement, and the Phoney War
- Battle of Britain, evacuation of Dunkirk, and the Blitz
- Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and the US entry into the war
- D-Day landings, Soviet victory on the Eastern Front, and German defeat
-
Post-war Britain:
- Labour party's landslide victory in 1945
- Building the Welfare State and economic planning
- Nationalisation of key industries### Era of Consensus
-
Agreement between Conservatives and Labour on main policies from 1945 to roughly 1970
-
Conservatives accepted the Welfare State, full employment, mixed economy, and decolonisation
-
Labour accepted social democracy and gradual reforms, giving up socialism
Governments after 1945
- Labour: Attlee (1945-51), Wilson (1964-70, 1974-76), Callaghan (1976-79)
- Conservative: Churchill (1951-55), Eden (1955-56), Macmillan (1957-63), Douglas-Home (1963-64), Heath (1970-74), Thatcher (1979-90), Major (1990-97)
- Coalition: Cameron (2010-2015), Cameron (2015-2016), May (2016-2019), Johnson (2019-2022), Truss (2022), Sunak (2022)
Foreign Relations
- Victorious in WWII, one of the 'Big Three'
- Aimed to retain great power status alongside the USA and Soviet Union
- Massive military expenditure, including a large standing army and nuclear deterrent
- 'Special relationship' with America, joining and supporting the US in the Cold War
- Founding member of NATO
- Failed to maintain independence from US support
Decolonisation
- 1947: British India gained independence, divided into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan
- 1956: Suez Crisis, British attempt to regain control over the Suez Canal failed
- 2nd stage of decolonisation: most of the British Empire was gradually liquidated, replaced by the Commonwealth
- Britain reduced to her 'island home'
Economic Development
- Feel-good attitude after WWII, industries less damaged than in continental Europe
- British industries did well in the 1950s, but underlying structural problems not addressed
- From the late 1950s, British industry gradually sank into crisis, losing competitiveness
- French referred to Britain as the 'Sick Man of Europe' by the 1970s
- Industry was largely intact after the war, but became obsolete
- Complacency towards renewal, poor industrial relations, and struggles with quality control contributed to decline
Social Development
- Economic problems led to social problems: decline of traditional heavy industries, rising unemployment, and social problems
- Growth in the service sector led to increasing wealth for the middle classes, emergence of consumer society
- Impact of WWII:
- Removed some class antagonism, forged cross-class solidarity for the post-war Welfare State
- Unleashed forces that undermined social cohesion, led to individualism, consumerism, and fragmentation
- Emergence of a multicultural society in Britain through large-scale immigration from former colonies
- By 2005, 4 million or 7% of the British population described themselves as belonging to a 'non-white ethnic group'
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