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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a bolus injection?

To achieve a peak drug level in the bloodstream (correct)

To deliver medication into the skin or fat layer

To maintain a constant concentration of the drug in the bloodstream

To administer medication over a longer period

What is the main difference between an injection and an infusion?

The type of medication used

The duration of administration (correct)

The route of administration

The volume of medication delivered

What is the purpose of an antimicrobial preservative in a multi-dose vial?

To protect against contamination by viruses

To prevent the growth of bacteria (correct)

To increase the shelf life of the medication

To enhance the absorption of the medication

What is the primary function of a Y-site?

To administer two different solutions at the same time Signup and view all the answers

What is the osmolarity of a 5% glucose (dextrose) IV fluid?

308 mOsM Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for Ringer's lactate/Hartmann's IV fluid?

To treat mild-to-moderate metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Plasma-lyte 148 IV fluid?

It has a pH of 7.4 Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when administering medication using a multi-dose vial?

The risk of contamination Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of providing hydra4on and electrolytes?

To provide a safe environment for the API Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you make carbopla4n in NaCl?

It becomes cispla4n but very overdosed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of colloid solu2ons?

Human albumin Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of delivering drugs into the epidural space?

To deliver anaesthe4cs Signup and view all the answers

What type of injection involves delivering drugs deep into the muscles?

Intramuscular Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of IM-suspension-based formula2ons?

They provide sustained release Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an EpiPen?

To treat anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

Why is intra-arterial administration not usually used for drug delivery?

Arteries don't tend to be near the surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an intra-cameral injection?

To deliver a drug into the anterior chamber of the eye Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of microneedles?

They can be used for self-application Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of injectables?

Pain or swelling of the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk of IV administration?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an intra-osseous injection?

To deliver a drug into the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of microneedle?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of injectables in terms of dosing?

Accurate dosing Signup and view all the answers

What is extravasation?

Unintentional administration of a solution into the surrounding tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Injectables

Definition: A volume of 50 mL or less, delivered directly from a syringe and needle, over a short period of time (4 minutes).
Types of injectables:
- Bolus injection: Rapid administration of a medication, often in an emergency situation, to achieve a peak drug level in the bloodstream.
- Infusion: Delivered directly into the bloodstream over a longer period (>15 minutes) using a PICC line, IV bag, or porta cath.

Multidose Vials

Definition: A vial of API solution that contains more than one dose of medication, typically containing an antimicrobial preservative to prevent bacterial growth.
Y-site (Y-set): A three-way connector that allows the administration of two different solutions at the same time.

Types of IV Fluids

Glucose (Dextrose): 5% w/v, isotonic (308 mOsM, FPD = -0.52 oC).
Ringer's: NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, NaCO3H, used for mild-to-moderate metabolic acidosis.
Ringer's Lactate/Hartmann's: pH 5-7, NaCl, Na-lactate, KCl, CaCl2, used for mild-to-moderate metabolic acidosis.
Plasma-lyte 148: pH 7.4, NaCl, Na-gluconate, Na-acetate, KCl, MgCl2, used to provide hydration and electrolytes.
Sodium Chloride: 0.9% w/v, isotonic (308 mOsM, FPD = -0.52 oC).
NaCl + Glucose: NaCl (0.18% w/v) and glucose (4% w/v).

Colloid Solutions

Contain certain electrolytes and human albumin, starch, dextran, or gelatin.
Used as a plasma expander in the treatment of shock.

Types of Injections

Epidural: Mainly used for delivering anesthetics, involves syringe injection or catheterization into the epidural space next to the spinal cord.
Intramuscular (IM): Used to deliver drugs deep into the muscles, typically in areas away from veins and arteries (thigh, shoulder, buttocks).
IM-suspension-based formulations: Useful for sustained release, can have solid in the injection (oil-based).
EpiPen: IM injection, epinephrine (adrenaline), used for anaphylaxis.
Subcutaneous and intradermal administration: Small volume, typically used for insulin and cosmeceuticals.
Intra-arterial (cardiac, arterial line): Drug delivery directly into an artery, harder to do (more risk), requires the use of a catheter and painful (anesthetic needed).

Microneedles

Definition: Micron-sized needles attached to a syringe or other medical device (roller, patch, pen) are widely used for delivery of therapeutic agents and diagnostic applications.
Benefits: Self-application, less painful, don't need to include an API.

Benefits and Considerations of Injectables

Benefits:
- Systemic or localized drug delivery
- Rapid action
- No absorption issues
- Accurate dosing
- Reduce first-pass metabolism
Disadvantages:
- Pain/swelling/discomfort of patient
- Needle stick injuries
- Much of the time has to be done by trained medical staff
- Solution (no solids) for direct to bloodstream
- Isotonic for IV
- Sterile
Things that can go wrong with IV administration:
- Bacterial or viral infection
- Air embolism (gas embolism)
- Extravasation (unintentional administration or leakage of solution into the surrounding tissue)

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