1537 Questions
What is the primary source of energy for life on Earth?
The Sun
What is the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
Chloroplast
What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose?
Photosynthesis
What is the energy stored within chemical bonds, available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical potential energy
What is a simple sugar produced by plants during photosynthesis?
Glucose
What is the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the storage form of glucose in plants, insoluble in water?
Starch
What is an ecosystem?
A complex network of biotic and abiotic factors
What is the role of abiotic components in an ecosystem?
To provide non-living physical and chemical elements
What is the by-product of photosynthesis released by plants?
Oxygen
What is the purpose of respiration in organisms?
To produce energy for cellular processes
What type of interaction occurs between hyenas and vultures?
Competition
What is an example of mutualism?
Bees and flowers interacting
What is the term for the seasonal movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migration
What is the predator in an ecosystem?
An organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms
What is the biosphere?
The collective functioning of all ecosystems on Earth
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What happens when one species is removed or its population changes in an ecosystem?
The interconnected nature of the food web allows for adjustments among other species
What is the effect of biodiversity on energy flow in ecosystems?
It enhances the efficiency of energy flow
What is the consequence of removing a key species from a food web?
Cascading effects occur throughout the ecosystem
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy from the Sun
What is illustrated by an energy pyramid?
The significant decrease in available energy from one level to the next
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is used as food for the plant?
Glucose
What is ecosystem balance?
The balance between different trophic levels and resources available
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plants?
To confirm that a plant photosynthesizes
What is the term for a species that no longer exists?
Extinct
What is the main difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is soluble in water, while starch is insoluble
What is the primary purpose of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food
What happens when primary producers die in an ecosystem?
The entire food chain is disrupted
What affects population growth in an ecosystem?
Both natural and human-induced factors
What is the primary reactant in the process of respiration?
Glucose
What is an example of a natural factor that can affect ecosystem balance?
Natural disasters
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support organisms?
Limit
What is the scientific study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the main focus of ecology?
The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment
What is the term for the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environments?
Ecologist
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What level of ecological organization involves the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What level of ecological organization involves the study of the global sum of all ecosystems?
Biosphere Ecology
What is the term for the interaction between organisms and their environment?
Interact
What level of ecological organization involves the study of a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem Ecology
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter
Which type of consumer has a diverse diet that includes both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the primary function of a food chain?
To depict the linear sequence of energy and nutrient flow
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
A decrease in energy availability
Which type of consumer is a primary consumer?
Herbivore
What is the role of predators in an ecosystem?
To regulate population sizes and maintain balance
What is the purpose of a food web?
To illustrate the interconnectedness of various food chains
What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?
The complexity of feeding relationships
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
To produce energy through photosynthesis
What is the result of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
An increase in nutrient availability
What is the primary function of predators in an ecosystem?
To control the population size of prey
What is the main characteristic that defines the boundaries of an ecosystem?
Interactions and processes that occur within it
What is the term for organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem?
Decomposers
What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
To synthesize their own food from inorganic substances
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen
What type of consumer feeds directly on producers (plants)?
Herbivores
What is a major contributor to the extinction of species?
Climate change
What is the term for an organism that primarily eats meat?
Carnivore
What is the primary consequence of habitat destruction?
Disruption of ecosystem balance
What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the Riverine Rabbit's primary habitat?
Karoo
What is the result of the process of photosynthesis?
Glucose and Oxygen are produced
What is the purpose of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances early and allow for timely interventions
What is an adaptation that allows organisms to blend in with their surroundings?
Camouflage
What is the term for the study of ecosystems?
Ecology
What is the process by which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What role do fungi play in the ecosystem?
Play essential roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling
What is a type of adaptation that involves physical characteristics of organisms?
Structural adaptation
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To maintain ecosystem balance
What is a characteristic of protists?
They are a diverse group of microorganisms
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
They cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants
What is the result of overexploitation of resources?
Depletion of populations
What is an example of a plant-like protist?
Algae
What is the purpose of protected areas?
To provide habitat for endangered species
What is a beneficial use of microorganisms?
Producing antibiotics and biofuels
What is an example of an animal-like protist?
Protozoa
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To return nutrients to the water and soil, maintaining the nutrient cycle
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, pollution, and climate change on ecosystems?
A decrease in ecosystem health
What is an energy pyramid?
A graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem
What is the primary consumer in the food chain?
Grasshopper
What is the percentage of energy consumed at each trophic level that is used for the organism's metabolic processes?
90%
What is the term for the different levels of energy consumption in a food chain?
Trophic levels
What is the main difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain is linear, while a food web is a network of interconnected food chains
What is the role of primary consumers in an ecosystem?
To consume producers
What is a major threat to ecosystems due to human activities?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for non-native species that can outcompete native species for resources or introduce diseases?
Invasive species
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They contribute to the stability and resilience of ecosystems
What is the term for the complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
Why is biodiversity important for ecosystem stability?
It contributes to the resilience and stability of ecosystems
What is the term for the interconnectedness of ecosystems, where harming one component can have cascading effects on other components?
Ripple effect
What is a benefit of conservation efforts?
Long-term benefits for future generations
What type of organization plays a critical role in advocating for environmental protection and conducting research?
Environmental organizations
What is the purpose of establishing protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves?
To conserve habitats and species
What is the role of local communities in conservation efforts?
They play a vital role
What is the purpose of legislation and policy in conservation efforts?
To protect the environment and control pollution
What is the consequence of overexploitation of natural resources?
Population declines and ecosystem disruption occur
What is the main purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators
Which adaptation allows the baobab tree to survive in arid regions?
Storing water in its thick trunk
What is the main purpose of migration in animals?
All of the above
What is the term for the process by which one species resembles another to gain protection or other advantages?
Mimicry
Which adaptation helps the umbrella thorn acacia tree to survive in the African savanna?
All of the above
What is the main impact of human activities on the Riverine Rabbit's habitat?
Habitat destruction
What is the main difference between natural and human-induced changes in the environment?
Natural changes are temporary, while human-induced changes are permanent
What is the purpose of flower timing in plants?
To attract pollinators
What is the main purpose of hibernation in animals?
To conserve energy
What is the main adaptation of the baobab tree that helps it to survive in arid regions?
Water storage in its trunk
What is the primary threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the term for microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye?
Microorganisms
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the term for the process by which microorganisms infect a host organism?
Infection
What is the primary role of beneficial bacteria in the ecosystem?
Fixing nitrogen in plants
What is the term for a group of microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protist
What is the primary function of viruses in the ecosystem?
Causing disease
What is the term for the removal of invasive species from an ecosystem?
Mechanical removal
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts in ecosystems?
To enhance conservation outcomes
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that belong to the kingdom Monera?
Bacteria
During photosynthesis, what is the primary function of chlorophyll and sunlight?
To convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
What is the primary reactant in the process of respiration?
Glucose
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plants?
To validate the occurrence of photosynthesis
What is the term for the scientific study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment?
Ecology
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon dioxide
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for carbon dioxide?
To demonstrate the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the primary function of glucose produced during photosynthesis?
To provide energy for growth and maintenance
What is the difference between glucose and starch?
Glucose is sweet-tasting, while starch is not
What is the role of energy in the process of respiration?
To release energy from glucose for growth and maintenance
What is the term for the breakdown of glucose to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide?
Respiration
What is an ecosystem?
A complex network of biotic and abiotic components
What is the purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
To convert sunlight into glucose and oxygen
What is the term for the non-living components of an ecosystem?
Abiotic
What type of interaction occurs between bees and flowers?
Symbiosis
What is the by-product of respiration released by organisms?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for the movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migrate
What is the role of plants in an ecosystem?
To convert sunlight into glucose and oxygen
What is the term for the living components of an ecosystem?
Biotic
What is the process by which plants convert glucose into energy?
Respiration
What is the term for the interaction between two or more species that compete for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?
To absorb light energy for photosynthesis
What is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?
Chemical Potential Energy
What is the result of plants converting radiant energy into chemical energy?
Production of glucose
What is the term for the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the role of the Sun's energy in the environment?
Affecting the overall environment in which plants grow
What is the term for the pigment that gives color to plant tissues and is involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the purpose of chloroplasts in plant cells?
To convert light energy into chemical energy
What is the energy that is available for release in chemical reactions?
Chemical Potential Energy
What is the role of insectivores in an ecosystem?
To regulate insect populations and serve as prey for higher-level carnivores
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter and return nutrients to the soil
What type of consumer has a diet that includes both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the energy flow in an ecosystem typically represented by?
Food chain
What is the main difference between food chains and food webs?
Food chains depict a linear sequence of energy flow, while food webs show interconnected relationships
What is the importance of predator-prey relationships in an ecosystem?
To control population sizes and maintain balance within ecosystems
What is the purpose of nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?
To make nutrients available to producers again
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level?
An increase in the number of trophic levels
What do decomposers return to the soil?
Nutrients
What is the primary function of producers in an ecosystem?
To capture energy through photosynthesis
What is the main function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead organic matter and return nutrients to the environment
What is the term for a graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy Pyramid
What is the term for an organism that eats producers?
Primary Consumer
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level in a food chain?
Energy is decreased by 90%
Why do energy pyramids have a pyramid shape?
Because energy decreases at each trophic level
What is the term for a network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food Web
What is the importance of food webs in ecosystems?
They increase ecosystem stability
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the role of the sun in energy flow within ecosystems?
To provide energy for photosynthesis
What is the term for each step in a food chain or food web?
Trophic Level
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What is the result of human activities on feeding relationships within ecosystems?
They disrupt food chains and food webs, leading to declines in biodiversity
What is the term for the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environments?
Ecologist
What is the term for the interaction between organisms and their environment?
Interact
What level of ecological organization involves the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population Ecology
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What level of ecological organization involves the study of a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What level of ecological organization involves the study of the global sum of all ecosystems?
Biosphere
What is the role of beneficial fungi in ecological systems?
They are essential for decomposition and nutrient cycling
What is a characteristic of protists?
They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like
What is an example of an animal-like protist?
Plasmodium
What is a positive impact of microorganisms?
They are essential for nutrient cycling and decomposition
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
They cause disease in humans, animals, and plants
What is an example of a biotechnological application of microorganisms?
Genetic engineering
What is the primary function of producers in an ecosystem?
To synthesize their own food from inorganic substances
What is the primary cause of the extinction of dinosaurs?
Climate change
What is the role of herbivores in an ecosystem?
To feed directly on producers
What is the main benefit of biodiversity in ecosystems?
It enhances the efficiency of energy flow and reduces the impact of population fluctuations
What is the result of habitat destruction?
Disruption of ecosystem balance
What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the primary goal of conservation efforts?
To maintain ecosystem balance
What happens when a key species is removed from a food web?
Cascading effects occur throughout the ecosystem
What is the by-product of photosynthesis released by plants?
Oxygen
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species?
Invasive species
What is the term for organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms?
Decomposers
What is the primary source of energy for organisms in an ecosystem?
Solar energy from the sun
What is the term for a species that is at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the primary role of protected areas?
To provide safe havens for endangered species
What is the term for the interaction between biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem?
Ecological dynamics
What is the role of fish in a pond ecosystem?
To feed on aquatic plants and algae
What is the result of a disruption in the balance of an ecosystem?
Significant consequences for all species involved
What is the term for changes in organisms that help them survive and reproduce?
Adaptation
What is the term for the process of organisms changing over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the purpose of studying ecosystems?
To understand the structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support the organisms living there?
Limit
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It can alter habitats and lead to shifts in population dynamics or even extinctions
What is the term for the pathways through which energy and nutrients flow within an ecosystem?
Feeding relationships
What is an example of a structural adaptation?
Long legs and strong muscles in some animals
What is illustrated by an energy pyramid?
The flow of energy from one trophic level to the next
What is the term for an organism that primarily eats insects?
Insectivore
What is the primary focus of ecological monitoring?
To detect imbalances early
What is the term for the movement of animals from one region to another?
Migration
What is the role of primary producers in an ecosystem?
They capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy
What is the term for the balance between different trophic levels and the resources available in an ecosystem?
Ecosystem balance
What is the purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators
What is the function of the umbrella-shaped canopy in the Umbrella Thorn Acacia tree?
To reduce water loss and maximize light exposure
What is the main reason for the Riverine Rabbit's critically endangered status?
Habitat destruction and fragmentation
What is an example of a natural factor that can affect ecosystem balance?
Natural disasters like floods
What is the purpose of hibernation in some animals?
To conserve energy during periods of food scarcity
What is the term for the ability of one species to resemble another, providing protection or other advantages?
Mimicry
What is the function of the baobab tree's thick trunk?
To store water
What is the term for the process of plants producing food through light energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the purpose of the baobab tree's flowers emitting a rotting meat odor?
To attract pollinators like bats, flies, and moths
What is the term for the adaptations that allow animals to thrive in their specific environments?
Behavioral adaptations
What is the main threat to ecosystems from human activities?
Habitat destruction and pollution
What is the main goal of conservation efforts?
To provide education and promote sustainable livelihoods
What is the primary role of environmental organizations in conservation?
Advocating for environmental protection
What is the main threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the result of disrupting ecological balance?
Decline in native species and alteration of ecosystem functions
What is the primary function of microorganisms in ecosystems?
To play important roles in digestion, nitrogen fixation, and food production
What is the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems?
Enhancing ecosystem stability
What is the consequence of overexploitation in ecosystems?
Population decline and disruption of ecological balance
What is the name of the first microbiologist who designed and built his own microscopes?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the term for single-celled microorganisms that belong to the kingdom Monera?
Bacteria
What is the role of local communities in conservation?
Playing a vital role in conservation efforts
What is the term for microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Viruses
What is the importance of conservation for sustainable development?
Ensuring natural resources for future generations
What is the purpose of mechanical removal in invasive species management?
To physically remove invasive species from an ecosystem
What is the impact of alien invasive species on ecosystems?
Outcompeting native species and introducing diseases
What is the term for a condition that impairs normal functioning and is often caused by microorganisms?
Disease
What is the role of protected areas in conservation?
Establishing safe havens for wildlife
What is the importance of interconnectedness of ecosystems?
Harming one component can have cascading effects on other components
What is the term for a group of microorganisms that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms of life?
Protists
What is the term for the process by which microorganisms invade and multiply within a host organism, often causing disease?
Infection
What is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
To convert light energy into chemical energy
What is the form of energy that plants use to fuel their biological processes?
Chemical potential energy
What is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the energy source that supports most living organisms on Earth?
Radiant energy
What is the term for the energy released when chemical bonds are broken?
Chemical potential energy
What is the primary energy source for living organisms?
The Sun
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is used as food for plants?
Glucose
What is the process by which plants convert radiant energy into chemical potential energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy from the Sun
What is the purpose of testing for starch in plants?
To confirm that a plant photosynthesizes
What is the by-product of respiration that is exhaled by humans?
Carbon dioxide
What is the scientific study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment?
Ecology
What is the primary reactant in the process of respiration?
Glucose
What is the purpose of using limewater in testing for carbon dioxide?
To detect the presence of carbon dioxide
What is the term for the process by which cells break down glucose to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide?
Respiration
What is the storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
What is the energy source for the process of respiration?
Glucose
What is the term for a scientist who specializes in studying the interactions between organisms and their environment?
Ecologist
What is the primary function of producers in an ecosystem?
To synthesize their own food from inorganic substances
What type of consumer feeds directly on producers?
Herbivore
What is the by-product of photosynthesis released by plants?
Oxygen
What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying organisms, recycling nutrients
What is the term for an organism that primarily eats meat?
Carnivore
What is the energy source for producers?
Light energy
What type of organisms are the foundation of any ecosystem?
Producers
What is the general equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the term for the pathways through which energy and nutrients flow within an ecosystem?
Feeding relationships
What is the term for the non-living components of an ecosystem?
Abiotic
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead or decaying matter
Which process involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What type of consumer has a diverse diet that includes both plants and animals?
Omnivore
What type of interaction occurs between two species that vie for the same limited resource?
Competition
What is the term for a linear sequence that depicts how energy and nutrients flow from one organism to another within an ecosystem?
Food chain
What is the term for the natural environment where an organism resides?
Habitat
What is the role of carnivores in a food web?
To consume other animals
What is the term for the movement of organisms from one habitat to another?
Migrate
What is the term for the process by which energy is transferred from one trophic level to another?
Energy flow
What is the by-product of photosynthesis that is released by plants?
Oxygen
What is the purpose of insectivores in an ecosystem?
To control insect populations and serve as prey for higher-level carnivores
What is the purpose of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from food
What is the term for the complex network of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem
What is the result of energy loss at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Decreased energy availability
What is the term for an organism that hunts and feeds on other organisms?
Predator
What is the term for the interconnected network of feeding relationships within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the collective functioning of all ecosystems on Earth?
Biosphere
What is the importance of predator-prey relationships in an ecosystem?
To regulate population sizes, maintaining balance within ecosystems
What is the primary function of producers in an ecosystem?
To produce energy through photosynthesis
What is the term for the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the term for the study of the relationships between organisms and their physical surroundings?
Ecology
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What level of ecological organization involves the study of populations in relation to their environment?
Population ecology
What is the term for a scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environments?
Ecologist
What level of ecological organization involves the study of the global sum of all ecosystems?
Biosphere ecology
What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at a specific time?
Population
What is the term for the interaction between organisms and their environment?
Interact
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What level of ecological organization involves the study of a community of living organisms and their non-living environment?
Ecosystem ecology
What role do fungi play in decomposing organic matter?
Break down organic matter into simpler components
What is a characteristic of protists?
They do not fit neatly into other kingdoms
What is an example of an animal-like protist?
Plasmodium
What is a positive impact of microorganisms?
Maintaining ecosystem health
What is an industrial use of bacteria and fungi?
Producing food and beverages
What is a negative impact of microorganisms?
Causing disease and infection
What is a major threat to rhinos in South Africa?
Poaching for their horns
What is the main goal of invasive species management?
To prevent the spread of invasive species
What is the primary function of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi?
To decompose organic matter
Who is considered the first microbiologist?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
What is the term for microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye?
Microorganisms
What is the primary function of beneficial bacteria in the ecosystem?
To fix nitrogen in plants
What is the primary function of decomposers in an ecosystem?
To break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment
What is the result of human activities such as overfishing, deforestation, pollution, and climate change on ecosystems?
A decrease in biodiversity and ecosystem health
What is the term for the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the term for the flow of energy from one organism to another in a linear sequence?
Food chain
What is the result of removing a key species from a food web?
Cascading effects on the entire ecosystem occur.
What is the term for a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding?
Species
What is the term for a complex network of interconnected food chains within an ecosystem?
Food web
What is the primary function of fungi in the ecosystem?
To decompose organic matter
What is the purpose of biodiversity in ecosystems?
To enhance the efficiency of energy flow.
What is the primary source of energy for organisms in an ecosystem?
The sun
What is the term for microorganisms that can only replicate within the cells of a host organism?
Viruses
What is the top level of an energy pyramid?
Tertiary consumers
What is the term for the graphical representation of the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
Energy pyramid
What is the term for the maximum capacity of resources in an ecosystem to support organisms?
Limit
What is the consequence of a decline in primary producers in an ecosystem?
The entire food chain is disrupted.
What is the term for an organism that eats producers?
Primary consumer
What is the term for an organism that eats secondary consumers?
Tertiary consumer
What is the term for a species that is at risk of extinction due to a significant decline in its population or habitat?
Endangered
What is the term for each step in a food chain or food web?
Trophic level
What is the term for the balance within an ecosystem between different trophic levels and the resources available?
Ecosystem balance
What is the effect of climate change on ecosystems?
It can alter habitats, leading to shifts in population dynamics.
Why is it important to understand the mechanisms of energy transfer and the relationships within food chains and food webs?
To comprehend ecosystem dynamics
What is the consequence of a decline in the population of a key species in an ecosystem?
Cascading effects on the entire ecosystem occur.
What is the term for a natural disaster that can cause sudden and severe disruptions to ecosystems?
Natural disaster
What is the main reason for the extinction of dinosaurs?
A sudden climate change event
What is the primary way human activities can disrupt ecosystems?
All of the above
What is the main goal of conservation efforts?
To maintain ecosystem balance
What is the term for the process by which organisms change over time to better survive in their environment?
Adaptation
What is the term for the physical characteristics of organisms that enhance survival?
Structural adaptations
What is the term for the seasonal movement of animals from one region to another?
Migration
What is the main reason for the decline of the Riverine Rabbit?
Habitat destruction
What is the term for the introduction of non-native species that can disrupt local ecosystems?
Invasive species
What is the term for the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the term for all the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area?
Community
What is one of the key threats to ecosystems?
Habitat Destruction
What is the purpose of conservation efforts?
To protect natural resources for future generations
What is the ripple effect in ecosystems?
When harming one component of an ecosystem affects other components
What is the role of environmental organizations in conservation efforts?
To advocate for environmental protection and conduct research
What is one of the benefits of biodiversity?
It provides medicinal resources and ecosystem services
What is the role of protected areas in conservation efforts?
To establish safe havens for wildlife and preserve critical ecosystems
What is the result of human activities disrupting ecosystems?
Ecosystems face significant threats
What is the purpose of camouflage in animals?
To blend in with their surroundings and avoid predators
What is the importance of community involvement in conservation efforts?
It plays a vital role in conservation efforts
Which of the following is an example of a structural adaptation in plants?
The umbrella-shaped canopy of the umbrella thorn acacia
What is the consequence of alien invasive species?
They outcompete native species and disrupt ecosystem functions
What is the purpose of hibernation in animals?
To conserve energy during periods of food scarcity
What is the importance of conservation for sustainable development?
It ensures that natural resources are available for future generations
Which of the following is an example of a human-induced change that affects ecosystem balance?
Habitat destruction due to urbanization
What is the purpose of flower timing in plants?
To attract pollinators
Which of the following is an example of a functional adaptation in plants?
The baobab tree's ability to store water in its trunk
What is the purpose of migration in animals?
To find food, mate, or escape harsh weather
Which of the following is an example of a natural factor that affects ecosystem balance?
Natural disasters such as floods
What is the purpose of mimicry in animals?
To resemble another species and gain protection or other advantages
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation in plants?
The ability of the baobab tree to bloom at night to attract pollinators
What is the unit of measurement for mass in the International System of Units?
Kilogram
What is the measure of the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is the unit of measurement for volume in the International System of Units?
Liter
What is the formula to calculate density?
D = m / V
What is the unit of measurement that is equal to 1000 grams?
Kilogram
What is the unit of measurement for density?
grams per cubic centimeter
What is the unit of measurement that is equal to 0.001 grams?
Milligram
Which material has a high mass in a given volume?
A dense material
What is the term for a property of a material or system that can be measured?
Physical Quantity
What is the arrangement of particles in a liquid?
Close together but can move around each other
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
What is the state of matter with the highest density?
Solid
What is the purpose of comparing the densities of different materials?
To understand how density affects the 'heaviness' of objects
What determines the density of a material?
The behavior and arrangement of its particles
What happens to the particles in a gas?
They are far apart and move freely
What happens to the particles of a material when it is heated?
They speed up and spread out
What is the relationship between the mass and volume of an object?
Mass is inversely proportional to volume
Why do engineers leave expansion joints in concrete roads?
To accommodate thermal expansion
Why do solids generally have high density?
Because their particles are tightly packed together
What happens to the liquid inside a thermometer when the temperature increases?
It expands and rises
What is the term for the increase in size of a material when heated?
Expansion
Why do materials contract when cooled?
Because their particles slow down and come closer together
What is the purpose of designing bridges with expansion joints?
To accommodate thermal expansion and contraction
What happens to the particles of a material when it is cooled?
They slow down and come closer together
Why do materials expand when heated?
Because their particles gain energy and move faster
Why does ice float on water?
Because its particles are farther apart
What is density a measure of?
How much mass is contained in a given volume
What is the term for the decrease in size of a material when cooled?
Contraction
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is lighter than water
What happens when a gas expands from a smaller container to a larger one?
Its density decreases
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Closely packed and rigid
Why is it challenging to clean up oil spills?
All of the above
What is a cluster?
A group of particles or atoms that are close together
What happens when we layer liquids of different densities?
The less dense liquid floats on top
What is the effect of particle arrangement on density?
Tightly packed particles result in higher density
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To understand the differences in particle arrangement and spacing
What is the main reason for understanding thermal expansion and contraction?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the force exerted by gas particles colliding with the walls of their container?
Gas pressure
What device is used to measure the pressure of a gas?
Pressure gauge
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is heated?
It increases
What is the effect of decreasing the volume of a gas on its pressure?
It increases
What is the primary factor that affects gas pressure?
Number of particles
What happens to the gas particles when a gas is cooled?
They lose energy and move slower
What is the purpose of an air valve?
To control the release or admission of air into a container
What is the term for the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the product of the reaction when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
Nitrogen gas, water, and chromium oxide
What is the field of study that Marie Curie was renowned for, in addition to physics?
Chemistry
What type of careers often involve the use of chemistry?
Fields like medicine, environmental science, forensic science, and materials science
What is the name of the compound that burns in oxygen to produce bright orange sparks and forms nitrogen gas, water, and chromium oxide?
Ammonium dichromate
What is a characteristic of Marie Curie's achievement in winning Nobel Prizes?
She was the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields
What is the definition of a compound?
A substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together
What is the term for a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction where the reactants and products are expressed using their chemical formulae?
Chemical Equation
What is the process by which microorganisms such as yeast convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide?
Fermentation
What is the result of a chemical reaction where the reactants are transformed into products?
Rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds
What is the term for a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction?
Product
What is the term for numbers placed before the formulae in a chemical equation to indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction?
Coefficients
What is the term for the process by which organisms release energy from food?
Respiration
What is the result of a chemical reaction where the reactants break their bonds and form new bonds to create the products?
Rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds
What are some common signs that a chemical reaction has taken place?
Formation of gas, change in color, or production of heat or light
What happens when a gas is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
Its density decreases
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in colour
What is the purpose of using vinegar in the example activity?
To react with the calcium carbonate in the eggshell
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is decreased?
It increases
What is the result of a chemical reaction?
The formation of new substances with different chemical properties
What is a characteristic of a chemical reaction?
The breaking and forming of chemical bonds
What is the purpose of observing the reaction over time in the example activity?
To observe the dissolution of the eggshell
What happens to the particles in a gas when its volume is increased?
They have more space to move
What is the role of the reaction flask in a chemical reaction?
To carry out the chemical reaction
What is a sign of a chemical reaction that can be detected using our senses?
All of the above
What is the formula to calculate density?
Density (D) = Mass (m) / Volume (V)
What is a characteristic of dense materials?
They have a high mass in a given volume
What is the objective of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different materials with the same volume
How do the particles of a solid arrange themselves?
They are closely packed in a regular, fixed arrangement
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
Which state of matter has a low density?
Gas
What is the term for the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
How do the particles of a gas arrange themselves?
They are far apart and move freely
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a liquid to a gas?
It decreases
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What is the unit of measurement for mass in the metric system?
Kilogram (kg)
What is the definition of volume?
The amount of space that an object occupies
What is the definition of density?
The measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume
What is the unit of measurement for volume in the metric system?
Liter (L)
What is a physical quantity?
A property of a material or system that can be measured
What is the relationship between mass and volume?
Density is the ratio of mass to volume
What is the unit of measurement for density?
Kilogram per liter (kg/L)
What does the density of a material indicate?
How tightly packed the particles in the material are
What is the primary reason for the distinct layering of liquids in a container?
The difference in density between the liquids
What is the reason why ice floats on water?
Its particles are arranged in a crystalline structure that takes up more space.
What happens to the particles in a material when it is heated?
They move faster and spread out
What is the term for the phenomenon where materials change in size when they are heated or cooled?
Thermal expansion
What is the purpose of comparing the densities of different states of matter?
To understand the differences in particle arrangement and spacing.
What is the purpose of expansion joints in concrete roads?
To allow for expansion
What is the term for a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
What happens to the particles in a material when it is cooled?
They move slower and come closer together
Why does oil float on water?
Because oil is less dense than water.
What happens when gas from a smaller container is transferred to a larger container?
It expands to fill the space.
Why do engineers design bridges with expansion joints?
To allow for expansion
What is the result of layering liquids with different densities in a container?
The less dense liquid will float on top of the denser liquid.
What is the principle behind thermometers?
The principle of contraction and expansion
What is the term for the effect of one thing on another?
Impact
What happens to the material's density when it is heated?
It decreases
What is the term for the process of a material increasing in size?
Expansion
Why is it challenging to clean up oil spills?
Because oil spreads over a large area and is difficult to contain.
What is the relationship between the density of a material and the behavior of its particles?
Higher density means more closely packed particles
What is the result of the particles in a solid being closely packed together?
A higher density.
What is the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume?
Density
What happens to particles when a gas is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
Particles have more space to move.
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in colour.
What is the purpose of observing the expansion and contraction of different materials when heated or cooled?
To prevent structural failures and prolong the lifespan of buildings and other structures
What occurs when the acetic acid in vinegar reacts with the calcium carbonate in the eggshell?
The eggshell dissolves and the membrane remains.
How can you identify gas formation in a chemical reaction?
By observing the formation of bubbles.
What is the force that gas particles exert when they collide with the walls of their container?
Gas pressure
What is a chemical reaction?
A process in which substances are transformed into new substances.
What is the device used to measure the pressure of a gas?
Pressure gauge
What happens to the gas particles when a gas is heated?
They move faster
What is the result of decreasing the volume of a gas?
Particles have less space to move.
What is the result of increasing the volume of a gas?
The pressure decreases
What is the purpose of the 'Removing an Eggshell with a Chemical Reaction' activity?
To demonstrate a chemical reaction.
What is the effect of cooling a gas on its particles?
They lose energy and move slower
What happens when a gas is cooled?
Particles move slower.
What is a reaction flask or reaction vessel?
A container used to carry out a chemical reaction.
What happens to the pressure inside a container when more gas particles are added?
The pressure increases
What is an example of a sign of a chemical reaction that can be detected using our senses?
A change in smell.
What is the purpose of the activity 'Measuring Gas Pressure'?
To measure the pressure inside a container
What happens when a gas is squeezed into a smaller volume?
The pressure increases
What is the result of decreasing the number of gas particles in a container?
The pressure decreases
What is the product of the combustion of ammonium dichromate?
Nitrogen gas, water, and chromium oxide
What is the field of science that Marie Curie made significant contributions to?
Physics and Chemistry
What is the career field that involves discovering new compounds and developing new materials?
Chemistry
What is the term for a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction?
Reactant
What is the visual effect of the combustion of ammonium dichromate?
It produces a bright orange spark
What is the process by which microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide?
Fermentation
What is the unique achievement of Marie Curie in the field of Nobel Prizes?
She was the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields
What is formed during a chemical reaction when the reactants break their bonds and form new bonds?
New compounds
What is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction where the reactants and products are expressed using their chemical formulae?
Chemical Equation
What is the result of a chemical reaction when the reactants are transformed into products?
Rearrangement of atoms
What is the term for a substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the process where the reactants are transformed into products involving the breaking of bonds in the reactants and the formation of new bonds in the products?
Chemical Reaction
What is the term for the numbers placed before the formulae in a chemical equation to indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction?
Coefficients
What is the term for a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction?
Product
What change can occur in a chemical reaction that helps identify that a reaction has taken place?
All of the above
What is the formula for calculating density?
D = m ÷ V
What is an example of a dense material?
A piece of cake
What is the state of matter that has a high density due to tightly packed particles?
Solid
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a solid to a liquid?
It decreases
What is the term for the ratio of mass to volume?
Density
What is the state of matter that has a low density due to widely spaced particles?
Gas
What happens to the density of a substance when it changes from a liquid to a gas?
It decreases
What is the purpose of the activity 'Comparing Densities'?
To compare the densities of different materials with the same volume
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Closely packed
What is the term for the amount of matter in an object?
Mass
What is the reason why ice floats on water?
It has a lower density than liquid water
What is the term used to describe the effect or influence of one thing on another?
Impact
What is the reason why oil floats on water?
Oil is less dense than water
What happens when gas from a smaller container is transferred to a larger container?
It expands to fill the space
What happens to the length of a metal rod when it is heated?
It increases
What is the purpose of the 'Comparing Densities' activity?
To compare the density of different states of matter
What is the force that gas particles exert when they collide with the walls of their container?
Gas pressure
Why do oil spills cause significant environmental damage?
They spread over large areas and poison marine life
What is the term used to describe a group of particles or atoms that are close together?
Cluster
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is cooled?
It decreases
What is the reason why sand has a high density?
Its particles are closely packed
What is the purpose of a pressure gauge?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What determines the density of a material?
The behavior and arrangement of its particles
What is the purpose of layering liquids by density?
To compare the density of different liquids
What happens to the particles in a material when it is heated?
They move faster and push further apart
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its volume is decreased?
It increases
Why do bridges have expansion joints?
To accommodate the expansion and contraction of materials
What is the term used to describe the density of a material?
A measure of how tightly packed the particles are
What happens to the particles of a gas when it is heated?
They move faster
What is the purpose of reinforcement in designing structures?
To strengthen or support an object, especially with additional material
What is the effect of increasing the number of particles in a container on gas pressure?
It increases
What is the purpose of the activity 'Measuring Gas Pressure'?
To measure the pressure of a gas
What is an example of thermal expansion and contraction?
A tin-roofed house on a hot day
What happens to the pressure of a gas when its temperature is increased?
It increases
What happens to the material's density when it is heated?
It decreases
What is the term for the increase in size of a material when heated?
Expansion
What is the effect of cooling a gas on the frequency of collisions with the container walls?
It decreases
What is the term for the decrease in size of a material when cooled?
Contraction
Why do engineers allow for expansion when designing concrete roads?
To prevent the road from cracking due to thermal expansion
What is the purpose of thermometers?
To measure the temperature changes accurately
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 1000 grams?
Kilogram
What is the physical quantity that is a measure of the amount of space an object occupies?
Volume
What is the measure of how much mass of a material fits into a given volume?
Density
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1000 milliliters?
Liter
What is the term for a property of a material or system that can be measured?
Physical Quantity
What is the unit of measurement for mass that is equal to 0.001 grams?
Milligram
What is the unit of measurement for volume that is equal to 1 cubic centimeter?
Milliliter
What is the relationship between mass and volume that is measured by density?
Mass divided by volume
What happens to the density of a gas when it is moved from a smaller container to a larger one?
It decreases
What is a sign of a chemical reaction?
A change in colour and gas formation
What is the primary purpose of a reaction flask?
To carry out a chemical reaction
What is produced when vinegar reacts with the calcium carbonate in an eggshell?
Carbon dioxide
What happens to particles when a gas is cooled?
They move slower
What is a result of increased volume of a gas?
Decreased pressure
What is a sign of a chemical reaction that can be observed using our senses?
Smell, heat, and sound
What is the role of a chemical reaction in the example activity of removing an eggshell?
To dissolve the eggshell
What is a result of decreased collisions of particles with container walls?
Decreased pressure
What happens to the pressure of a gas when it is given more space to move?
It decreases
What is the compound produced when ammonium dichromate burns in oxygen?
All of the above
What is the field of science that Marie Curie was known for, in addition to chemistry?
Physics
What is the main application of chemistry in careers?
All of the above
What is the name of the woman who was the first to win a Nobel Prize and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields?
Marie Curie
What is the reaction that produces bright orange sparks and forms nitrogen gas, water, and dark green chromium oxide?
Burning of ammonium dichromate
What is the result of a chemical reaction?
Substances with different properties from the original reactants
What is the definition of a reactant?
A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction
What is the purpose of coefficients in a chemical equation?
To indicate the number of units of each substance involved in the reaction
What is fermentation?
A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes
What is the result of the reaction between carbon and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide
What is the term for the rearrangement of atoms to form new compounds?
Chemical reaction
What is the purpose of a chemical equation?
To express the reactants and products using their chemical formulae
What is the result of the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen?
Water
How can a chemical reaction be detected?
By observing the formation of gas, a change in color, or the production of heat or light
What is the term for a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction?
Product
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
How can pathogens be transmitted through the air?
Through droplets in the air when an infected person sneezes or coughs
What is the result of waterborne transmission of pathogens?
Severe diarrhea and dehydration
How can pathogens enter the body?
Through cuts or wounds
What is the term for making something impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance?
Contaminate
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What type of transmission occurs when food is prepared without proper hygiene?
Foodborne transmission
What is the term for an increase in body temperature, often due to infection?
Fever
What is the role of microorganisms in soil fertility and agricultural productivity?
They provide essential nutrients to plants.
What is the definition of an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
What is the function of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
They produce vitamins and prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.
What is the term used to describe the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element?
Atom
What is the purpose of fermentation in food processing?
To convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol.
Who is credited with introducing the concept of atoms to the scientific world?
John Dalton
What is the term used to describe the positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom?
Protons
What is the application of microorganisms in environmental sustainability?
They are used in all of the above.
What is the medical application of microorganisms?
They are used in both vaccine development and antibiotic production.
What is the purpose of scientific models?
To aid understanding of complex concepts
What is the significance of Alexander Fleming's discovery?
It led to the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic.
What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What is the role of microorganisms in biotechnology?
They are used in both biofuel production and genetic engineering.
What is the term used to describe the central part of an atom?
Nucleus
What is the term used to describe the negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus?
Electrons
What is the purpose of using yeast in baking?
To make dough rise.
What is the significance of microorganisms in food processing?
They are used to convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol.
What is the term used to describe the process of atoms combining in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds?
Chemical bonding
What is the term used to describe the substances that consist of only one type of atom?
Elements
What is the application of microorganisms in sewage treatment?
They are used to break down organic matter and reduce pollution.
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Regular hand washing with soap and warm water
What is the charge of a proton?
Positive
Which of the following is an example of vector-borne transmission?
Malaria and rabies
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead plant and animal matter
What determines the atomic number of an element?
Number of protons
What is true about the forces between particles in a solid?
They are stronger than in liquids
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
Where are electrons located in an atom?
In the electron clouds
What happens to the particles during evaporation?
They gain enough energy to break free from the liquid state
What is the primary way HIV is transmitted?
Through unprotected sex with an infected person
What is the significance of neutrons in an atom?
They stabilize the nucleus
What is true about the spaces between particles in all states of matter?
They are empty
Who is the pioneering French chemist and microbiologist who made significant contributions to medical microbiology?
Louis Pasteur
What is the primary benefit of the particle model of matter?
It helps predict the behavior of matter under different conditions
What is a pure substance?
A material made of only one kind of matter
What is the difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more types of atoms
What is the term for plants that have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules?
Legumes
What happens to the particles during condensation?
They lose energy and come closer to form a liquid
What is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use for growth?
Nitrogen-fixing
What is the role of electrons in an atom?
They are attracted to the positively charged protons
What is true about the movement of particles in a gas?
They are far apart and move randomly
What is the term for the conversion of sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What is the significance of the arrangement of electrons in an atom?
It determines the chemical properties and reactivity of an element
What is an example of a change of state that occurs when heat is removed?
Freezing
What is the modern model of the atom?
The electron cloud model
What is true about the particles in a liquid?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of HIV?
All of the above
What is the term for the movement of particles from a solid directly to a gas?
Sublimation
What is the importance of understanding pure substances in chemistry?
It helps us understand the behavior of elements and compounds
What happens to the particles during melting?
They gain energy and move out of their fixed positions
What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?
They vibrate in their fixed positions.
What is the main difference between the arrangement of particles in liquids and gases?
Particles in liquids are closely packed, while particles in gases are far apart.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out.
What affects the rate of diffusion?
Mass of particles, state of matter, temperature, and space between particles.
What is the zigzag path?
A particle's journey from point A to point B involving numerous collisions and changes in direction.
What is the main difference between diffusion in liquids and gases?
Diffusion in liquids is slower than in gases due to more frequent collisions.
What is the property of solids that allows them to retain their shape?
Fixed shape.
What is the term for the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out?
Diffusion.
What is the property of gases that allows them to expand and fill their container?
Fill available space.
What is the main characteristic of particles in a liquid?
They are closely packed but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What happens when a solid is heated to its melting point?
It melts into a liquid
What is the term for the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What is the term for the energetic movement of particles?
Energetic
What is the process by which a gas changes to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is the term for the change in form, appearance, nature, or character?
Transformation
What is the term for the process by which a solid changes to a liquid?
Melting
What is a compound?
A pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
What is a molecule?
A group of atoms chemically bonded together
What is the purpose of chemical formulae?
To represent the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
What occurs in decomposition reactions?
The breaking of chemical bonds
What is a mixture?
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded
What is the difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of only one kind of atom, while compounds are made up of two or more kinds of atoms
What is the purpose of chemical bonds?
To hold atoms together in a molecule
What is the result of the decomposition of water?
The formation of hydrogen and oxygen gases
What is the difference between pure substances and mixtures?
Pure substances are composed of only one type of matter, while mixtures are composed of two or more types of matter
What is the term for the combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded?
Mixture
What is the primary characteristic of a pure substance?
It has a fixed composition and properties
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of atoms, while compounds are made up of molecules
What is the primary characteristic of a mixture?
It consists of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded
What is the classification of oxygen gas (O2)?
Element
What is the classification of milk?
Heterogeneous mixture
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states
What is the main aspect of the particle model of matter?
All matter is made up of incredibly small particles
What is the classification of air?
Homogeneous mixture
What is the classification of sea water?
Homogeneous mixture
What is the classification of steel?
Homogeneous mixture
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
What is an increase in body temperature often due to infection?
Fever
How can pathogens be transmitted through the air?
Through droplets in the air
What is the mode of transmission where pathogens enter the body through cuts or wounds?
Direct Contact Transmission
What is the term for the spread of pathogens from one host to another?
Transmission
What can be a source of pathogens, leading to waterborne diseases?
Untreated and contaminated water
What type of transmission occurs when pathogens are present in improperly handled or contaminated food?
Foodborne Transmission
What is the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What is the charge of a neutron?
Neutral
Where are electrons typically found in an atom?
In the electron cloud
What determines the atomic number and identity of an element?
Number of protons
What is the term for a substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together?
Compound
What is the significance of the number of neutrons in an atom?
Contributes to the atomic mass
What is the modern model of the atom that depicts the atom as consisting of a dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons?
Electron cloud model
What is a pure substance?
A material made of only one kind of matter
What is the significance of protons in an atom?
Determine the electron arrangement
What is the term for a group of two or more atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the significance of electrons in an atom?
Determine the chemical properties
What is the main characteristic of particles in a solid?
They vibrate in a fixed arrangement.
What is the primary difference between particles in a liquid and a gas?
Particles in a liquid are closer together than particles in a gas.
What is a compound?
A pure substance that consists of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together in fixed ratios
What is the definition of diffusion?
The random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is a molecule?
A group of atoms bonded together
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the purpose of chemical formulae?
To represent the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule
What happens when a solid is heated to its melting point?
It changes into a liquid
What affects the rate of diffusion?
The mass of particles, state of matter, temperature, and space between particles.
What occurs in a decomposition reaction?
A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances
What is the result of particles moving randomly in liquids and gases?
Particles spread out and mix.
What is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the main difference between diffusion in liquids and gases?
Diffusion is slower in liquids.
What is the term for the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What are the two main events that occur in any chemical reaction?
Breaking of chemical bonds and formation of new bonds
What is a mixture?
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded
What happens when a liquid cools?
It loses energy and its particles slow down
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Regular and closely packed.
What is an example of diffusion?
Smelling garbage or stink bombs.
What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture?
A pure substance consists of only one type of matter throughout, while a mixture consists of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the result of strong forces of attraction between particles in a solid?
Particles vibrate in a fixed arrangement.
What is the purpose of chemical bonds?
To hold atoms together in a molecule
What is the result of the decomposition of water?
Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas
What is the term for a change in form, appearance, nature, or character?
Transformation
What is the main characteristic of particles in a gas?
They are far apart and move rapidly.
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Freezing
What is an example of a compound?
Water
What is the term for the process by which a gas changes to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is the role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption
What is the process by which microorganisms convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol?
Fermentation
What is the application of microorganisms in the production of yogurt and cheese?
Fermentation
What is the role of microorganisms in sewage treatment?
To break down organic matter
Who discovered penicillin by chance in 1928?
Alexander Fleming
What is the term for the process by which microorganisms are used to clean up oil spills and other environmental contaminants?
Bioremediation
What is the definition of an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
What is the application of microorganisms in the production of biofuels?
Biofuel production
What is the term for the smallest particles that make up atoms?
Sub-atomic particles
What is the role of microorganisms in the development of vaccines?
To stimulate the immune system
Who is credited with reintroducing the idea of atoms to the scientific world?
John Dalton
What is the term for the use of microorganisms in genetic engineering to produce important pharmaceuticals?
Biotechnology
What is the purpose of scientific models?
To simplistically represent complex concepts or phenomena
What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in the nucleus
What is the term for the beneficial relationship between plants and bacteria in soil?
Mutualism
What is the term for the central part of an atom, containing protons and neutrons?
Nucleus
What is the characteristic of elements that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
Isotopes
Which of the following is an example of a diatomic molecule?
Oxygen (O2)
What is the term for the process of understanding the nature of atoms and matter?
Atomic theory
What is the term for the representation of atoms as composed of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons orbiting around it?
Atomic model
What is the main difference between pure substances and mixtures?
Pure substances are made up of atoms or molecules chemically bonded in a fixed ratio, while mixtures are not.
What is the primary method of transmission of Rabies?
Through bites from infected animals
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
What is the characteristic of particles in a solid state?
They are closely packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement.
Which of the following is a safe practice to prevent the spread of HIV?
Using sterile needles and equipment
What is the term for the substances that consist of only one type of atom?
Elements
What is the classification of air according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Mixture (homogeneous)
What is the role of Louis Pasteur in medical microbiology?
He developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax
What happens to particles during the process of evaporation?
They gain enough energy to break free from the liquid state.
What is the term for the process of converting sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation
What is the classification of rocks according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Mixture (heterogeneous)
What is the purpose of the particle model of matter?
To explain the properties of different states of matter.
What is the characteristic of particles in a gas state?
They are far apart and move randomly.
What is the classification of sugar (C12H22O11) according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Pure substance (compound)
What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ecosystems?
They convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use
What is the primary way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Regular hand washing with soap and warm water
What happens during the process of sublimation?
Particles gain enough energy to transition directly from solid to gas.
What is the classification of gold (Au) according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Pure substance (element)
What is the classification of milk according to the flowchart for classifying matter?
Mixture (heterogeneous)
What is the term for the spaces between particles?
Voids
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
They break down dead plant and animal matter and recycle nutrients
What is the reason for the difference in properties between solids, liquids, and gases?
The arrangement and movement of particles change.
What is the term for a scientific theory that explains some aspect of the natural world based on a body of evidence and repeated experiments?
Scientific theory
What is the purpose of controlled experiments in understanding the particle model of matter?
To test hypotheses and understand phenomena.
What is the primary way to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child?
Testing and treating pregnant women to reduce mother-to-child transmission
According to the particle model of matter, what is the nature of the particles that make up matter?
Incredibly small and discrete
What happens to particles during the process of condensation?
They lose energy and come closer to form a liquid.
What is the term for the conversion of nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use?
Nitrogen fixation
What is the characteristic of particles in a liquid state?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for a microorganism that causes disease?
Pathogen
How can pathogens spread through the air?
When an infected person sneezes or coughs
What can happen to food if it is not handled or prepared properly?
It becomes contaminated with pathogens
What is the term for the spread of pathogens from one host to another?
Transmission
What is an example of direct contact transmission?
Through a wound caused by rusty metal
What is the term for the body's defense system against infections and diseases?
Immune System
What can be a source of pathogens that cause waterborne diseases?
Untreated and contaminated water
What is a common symptom of infection?
Fever
What do plants provide to bacteria in a mutualistic relationship?
Glucose
What is the role of beneficial gut bacteria in the human body?
All of the above
What is the process by which microorganisms convert sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol?
Fermentation
What is the application of microorganisms in the production of yogurt and cheese?
Fermentation
What is the role of microorganisms in sewage treatment?
Breaking down organic matter
What is the medical application of microorganisms in the development of?
Antibiotics
What is the significance of Sir Alexander Fleming's discovery?
Discovery of penicillin
What is the role of microorganisms in biotechnology?
Producing biofuels and genetic engineering
What is the main way to prevent the spread of pathogens?
Hand Hygiene
What is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
HIV
What is the term for the process by which microorganisms break down pollutants into less harmful substances?
Bioremediation
What is the application of microorganisms in food processing?
Fermentation
Who is the pioneering French chemist and microbiologist who made significant contributions to medical microbiology?
Louis Pasteur
What is the role of decomposers in ecosystems?
To break down dead plant and animal matter
What is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form?
Nitrogen Fixing
What is an example of a vector-borne transmission?
Malaria
What is the definition of an element in chemistry?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
What is the purpose of sterilized equipment in medical settings?
To prevent infections like HIV
What is the term for a substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
Antibiotic
What is the term for a simplified representation of a complex concept or phenomenon?
Scientific Model
What is the term for a fundamental principle or assumption that is accepted without proof?
Postulate
What is the result of practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of HIV?
Reduces the risk of HIV transmission
What is the benefit of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases?
They stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens
Who is credited with reintroducing the idea of atoms to the scientific world in 1803?
John Dalton
What are the three sub-atomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, electrons, and neutrons
What is the location of protons in an atom?
Atomic nucleus
What is the charge of neutrons?
Neutral
What is the term for the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons?
Atomic Nucleus
What is the term for the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
Atomic Number
What determines the atomic number of an element?
Number of protons
What is the term for a material made of only one kind of matter throughout?
Pure substance
What is the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table based on?
Increasing atomic number
What is the term for particles smaller than an atom that make up its structure?
Sub-atomic Particle
What is the significance of neutrons in an atom?
Contribute to atomic mass
What is the electron cloud model?
A model of the atomic structure
What is the purpose of scientific models in understanding complex concepts?
To present a simplified representation of a complex concept or phenomenon
What is an example of a pure substance?
Water (H2O)
What is the role of electrons in an atom?
Determine chemical properties
What is the difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made of single types of atoms, compounds are made of multiple types of atoms
What is the significance of protons in an atom?
Determine atomic number and identity of an element
What is the smallest unit of a compound?
Molecule
What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties?
Mixture
What is the process by which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances?
Decomposition reaction
What represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule?
Chemical formula
What is the term for the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule?
Chemical bond
What is the term for a group of atoms bonded together?
Molecule
What is the term for a pure substance that consists of only one type of matter throughout?
Element
What is the result of the decomposition of water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases?
Breaking of chemical bonds
What is the term for the distinction between similar things or people?
Distinction
What is the term for a combination of two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded?
Mixture
What is a characteristic of particles in a solid state?
They vibrate but do not move from their fixed positions.
What happens to particles during the process of melting?
They gain energy and move out of their fixed positions.
What is a characteristic of particles in a liquid state?
They are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for the process of a solid changing directly to a gas without becoming a liquid?
Sublimation
What is the purpose of using controlled experiments in science?
To test hypotheses and understand phenomena
What is the term for the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration?
Diffuse
What is a characteristic of particles in a gas state?
They are far apart and move randomly.
What is the term for the process of a gas changing directly to a solid without becoming a liquid?
Deposition
Why is the particle model of matter useful?
It describes changes of state of matter and helps predict behavior.
What is the term for the continuous movement of particles?
Constant Motion
What is the main characteristic of the solid state?
Particles are closely packed and have a fixed arrangement.
What is the term for the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the main difference between diffusion in liquids and diffusion in gases?
Diffusion is slower in liquids than in gases.
What is the term for the forces that pull particles towards each other?
Forces of attraction
What is the main characteristic of the gaseous state?
Particles are far apart and move freely.
What is the term for the process of watching or noting something for a scientific purpose?
Observation
What is the main characteristic of the liquid state?
Particles are closely packed but have no fixed arrangement.
What affects the rate of diffusion?
Mass of particles, state of matter, temperature, and space between particles
What is the main difference between elements and compounds?
Elements are made up of single atoms, while compounds are made up of two or more different kinds of atoms.
What is a characteristic of mixtures?
They are composed of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded.
What occurs when a solid is heated to its melting point?
It changes into a liquid
What is the term for the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Regular arrangement
What is the classification of matter that includes elements and compounds?
Pure substances
What happens when particles collide with each other?
They change direction
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?
Evaporation
What is the term for the gaseous state of a substance that is normally a liquid or solid at room temperature?
Vapour
What is the particle model of matter?
A scientific theory that explains the structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
What is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
Sea water
What is the process by which a gas changes to a liquid?
Condensation
What is the classification of a substance that consists of molecules made up of two or more different kinds of atoms?
Compound
What is the direct change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state?
Sublimation
What is the term for a mixture of different kinds of particles that are not chemically bonded?
Mixture
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?
Solidifying
What happens when a gas cools?
Its particles lose energy and slow down
What is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?
Granite
What is the classification of a substance that consists of single atoms?
Element
What is the term for the transformation of matter from one physical state to another?
Change of state
What is the process by which a gas changes to a solid without passing through the liquid state?
Deposition
What is the purpose of the particle model of matter?
To explain the structure and behavior of matter in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
What is the term for the process by which a liquid changes to a gas at a specific temperature?
Boiling
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To control the flow of current
What is a closed circuit?
A complete electrical connection around which current flows
What is the function of wires in a circuit?
To conduct the current between the battery, switch, and bulb
What is the difference between a series circuit and a parallel circuit?
A series circuit has a single path for the current to flow, while a parallel circuit has multiple paths
What is the purpose of a resistor in a circuit?
To convert electrical energy into heat energy
What is the main reason for the transfer of electrons from one surface to another during friction?
The contact between two surfaces
What is the symbol for a cell in a circuit diagram?
A pair of parallel lines, one longer and one shorter
What happens to an object when it loses electrons during friction?
It becomes positively charged
What is the normal state of an object in terms of charge?
Neutral
What is the purpose of a battery in a circuit?
To provide a higher voltage or increased capacity
What happens when two objects with the same charge interact with each other?
They repel each other
What happens when a circuit is open?
There is a break in the pathway, preventing the flow of current
What is the purpose of a variable resistor?
To control the current flow dynamically
What is the charge of protons in an atom?
Positive
What is the difference between a cell and a battery?
A cell is a single unit, while a battery is composed of multiple cells
What is the movement of electrons from one object to another called?
Electron transfer
What happens when an object has more electrons than protons?
It becomes negatively charged
What is the result of combing your hair with a plastic comb?
Your hair stands on end
What is the reason behind the prism effect?
Different wavelengths of light bending by different amounts
What is the primary source of natural light on Earth?
The Sun
What is the wavelength of red light?
~700 nanometers
What occurs when a balloon is rubbed on hair?
Electrons transfer from the hair to the balloon
What is the term for objects that emit light?
Luminous
What is the frequency of a wave?
The number of waves that pass a point in one second
What is the purpose of earthing?
To safely discharge extra electrons from an object
What is the speed of light?
300,000 km/s
What is used in medical imaging?
X-rays
What is the term for the transfer of energy through space as electromagnetic waves?
Radiation
What is an electric current?
The flow of electric charge through a closed, conducting circuit
What is the purpose of the prism in the activity?
To split the light into different colors
What is the process of separating a wave into its constituent parts?
Dispersion
What is the range of the visible spectrum?
~400-700 nanometers
What is the function of a switch in an electric circuit?
To control the flow of current
What is the symbol used to represent a resistor in a circuit diagram?
A zigzag line
What is used in remote controls and thermal imaging?
Infrared (IR) Light
What is the purpose of a fuse in a circuit?
To protect the circuit from overheating
What is a conductor in an electric circuit?
A material that allows the flow of electric current
What is the range of wavelengths of light that are visible to the human eye?
Visible Spectrum
What is the main characteristic of a parallel circuit?
Components are connected across common points or junctions, creating multiple paths for the current.
What is the effect of an electric current on a resistor?
It generates heat
What is the acronym used to remember the colors of the visible spectrum?
ROYGBIV
What happens when more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit?
The total resistance of the circuit decreases.
What is the term for the entire range of electromagnetic waves?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
What is the role of delocalized electrons in metals?
To move freely within the metal
What is the relationship between the total current and the currents through each branch in a parallel circuit?
The total current is equal to the sum of the currents through each branch.
What is the term for the movement of light in straight lines through space?
Rectilinear
What is the term for the process by which electric current causes chemical reactions in solutions?
Electrolysis
What is a component of a circuit that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy?
Resistor
What is the key characteristic of LEDs that makes them more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs?
They convert most of the electrical energy directly into light.
What is the purpose of a circuit breaker?
To protect the circuit from overheating
What is the purpose of an electroscope?
To detect the presence and type of charge on an object
What is the purpose of a pinhole camera?
To demonstrate how light travels
What is the advantage of using LEDs in electronic devices?
They have a longer lifespan than traditional light bulbs.
What is the result of combining the colors of the visible spectrum?
White light
What is the term for the temporary magnets made by winding a wire around an iron core and passing a current through the wire?
Electromagnets
What is a closed pathway that allows the flow of electric current?
An electric circuit
What is the process by which LEDs emit light?
Electroluminescence
What is the symbol used to represent a light bulb in a circuit diagram?
A circle with a cross inside
What happens when a source of energy is connected to a circuit?
The electrons move in the same general direction
What is the effect of an electric current on a filament in a light bulb?
It generates heat and emits light
What is the result of adding more cells in parallel to a circuit?
The overall voltage of the circuit remains the same.
What is the term for the process by which electric current flows through a conductor and creates a magnetic field?
Magnetic effect
What is the main difference between series and parallel circuits?
The number of paths for the current.
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To open or close the circuit
What is the purpose of using multiple exits in a school hall?
To allow students to choose between different exits.
What is the benefit of using LEDs in home lighting?
They have a longer lifespan than traditional light bulbs.
What is the main purpose of electroplating?
To improve the appearance and durability of a metal
What is the characteristic of the current in a series circuit?
The current is the same at all points in the circuit
What is the function of an ammeter?
To measure the current flowing through a circuit
What happens when more resistors are added in series to a circuit?
The total resistance of the circuit increases
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
There is more than one pathway for the current to follow
What happens when more cells are connected in series to a circuit?
The total voltage of the circuit increases
What is the symbol for an ammeter in a circuit diagram?
A circle with the letter 'A' inside it
What is the unit of measurement for current?
Ampere
Why do devices like light bulbs turn on immediately when a circuit is closed?
Because the electrons move simultaneously through the circuit
What is the purpose of an investigation in a series circuit?
To understand the behavior of series circuits
What happens when you rub a balloon on your hair?
Electrons transfer from your hair to the balloon.
What is the purpose of earthing?
To safely discharge extra electrons from an object.
What is an electric current?
The flow of electric charge through a conductor.
What is the function of a conductor in an electric circuit?
To allow the flow of current.
What is the reason behind experiencing a slight shock when removing a jersey on a cold day?
Friction between the jersey and the body
What is the purpose of a switch in an electric circuit?
To control the flow of current.
What is the charge of neutrons in an atom?
No charge
What is the function of a resistor in an electric circuit?
To resist the flow of current.
What is the function of a switch in an electric circuit?
To control the flow of current
What is an insulator?
A material that does not allow the flow of electric current.
What happens when an object has more electrons than protons?
It becomes negatively charged
What is the purpose of a load in an electric circuit?
To use the electrical energy.
What happens to the light bulb when the switch is open?
It goes out
What is the result of friction between two surfaces?
Electrons are transferred from one surface to another
What is the interaction between objects with the same charge?
They repel each other
What type of circuit has multiple paths for the current to flow?
Parallel circuit
What is delocalized in metals?
Electrons.
What is the component of an atom that orbits the nucleus?
Electrons
What is the primary source of energy for an electric circuit?
Cells
What is the term for a closed pathway that allows the flow of electric current?
Electric circuit.
What happens when an object gains electrons?
It becomes negatively charged
What is the purpose of resistors in an electric circuit?
To convert electrical energy into heat
What is represented by a pair of parallel lines, one longer and one shorter, in a circuit diagram?
Cell
What is the reason behind hair standing on end when combing with a plastic comb?
Friction between the comb and hair
What happens when one component fails in a series circuit?
The entire circuit is broken
What is the term for a complete electrical connection around which current flows or circulates?
Closed circuit
What is the term for a break in the pathway, preventing the flow of current?
Open circuit
What does the zigzag line represent in a circuit diagram?
A resistor
What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?
To protect the circuit from overheating
What is the purpose of building a simple circuit?
To understand the basic principles of circuits and current electricity
What is the effect of an electric current on a resistor?
It generates heat
What is the function of a circuit breaker?
To protect electrical circuits from damage
What is the result of electrolysis of copper chloride solution?
The separation of copper and chlorine
What is the purpose of electroplating?
To coat a metal object with a thin layer of another metal
What is an example of a device that uses the magnetic effect of an electric current?
An electric bell
What is the heating element in a kettle?
A resistor
What is the effect of an electric current on the filament in a light bulb?
It heats up and emits light
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit diagram?
To break or complete a circuit
What is the main characteristic of a parallel circuit?
Components are connected across common points or junctions, creating multiple paths for the current.
What happens to the total resistance of a parallel circuit when more resistors are added?
It decreases.
What is the relationship between the total current and the currents through each parallel branch?
The total current is equal to the sum of the currents through each branch.
What is a common application of LEDs?
Electronic timepieces.
What is a key advantage of LEDs over incandescent bulbs?
They are more energy-efficient.
What is the energy transfer process in an incandescent light bulb?
Electrical Energy → Light Energy + Heat Energy.
What is the energy transfer process in an LED?
Electrical Energy → Light Energy.
What is an example of an output device?
Light bulb.
What is the purpose of a parallel circuit?
To provide multiple paths for the current.
What happens when more cells are added in parallel to a circuit?
The total voltage of the circuit remains the same.
What is the purpose of electroplating?
To increase the durability of the object
What is a characteristic of a series circuit?
Current is the same at all points in the circuit
What is the unit of measurement for electric current?
Ampere
What happens when more resistors are added in series?
The total resistance of the circuit increases
What is the purpose of an ammeter?
To measure the electric current in a circuit
What happens when more cells are connected in series?
The total voltage of the circuit increases
What is a characteristic of a parallel circuit?
There is more than one pathway for the electric current to follow
What is the symbol for an ammeter in a circuit diagram?
A circle with the letter 'A' inside it
What is the purpose of connecting ammeters in series with the components?
To measure the electric current in the circuit
What happens when electrons move freely within a metal?
The electrons move towards the positive terminal of the battery
What is the primary source of natural light on Earth?
The Sun
What is the term for objects that emit light?
Luminous
How does light travel through space?
In straight lines
What is the range of wavelengths of light that are visible to the human eye?
Visible Spectrum
What happens when light passes through a prism?
It is dispersed
What is the term for the process of separating a wave into its constituent parts?
Dispersion
What is the color with the shortest wavelength and highest frequency in the visible spectrum?
Violet
What is the term for the action of light traveling through space?
Propagation
What is the term for moving in a straight line?
Rectilinear
What is the term for the transfer of energy through space as electromagnetic waves?
Radiation
What is the reason for the prism effect?
Different wavelengths of light bend by different amounts
What is the unit of measurement for the wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum?
Nanometers
What is the frequency of a wave?
The number of waves that pass a point in one second
Which type of electromagnetic wave has a shorter wavelength than visible light?
Ultraviolet light
What is the purpose of the prism in the activity to investigate the visible spectrum?
To separate the light into its different colors
What is the range of wavelengths for red light?
700 nanometers
What is the term for the entire range of electromagnetic waves, including visible light?
Electromagnetic spectrum
What is the use of X-rays in medicine?
To take medical images
What symbol is used to represent a resistor in a circuit diagram?
A zigzag line
What is the purpose of a fuse in a circuit?
To protect electrical circuits from overheating
What is the heating effect of an electric current used for in kettles?
To convert electrical energy into heat
What is the term for the process of passing an electric current through a liquid or solution to break it down into its component elements?
Electrolysis
What is the function of a circuit breaker?
To protect electrical circuits from damage
What is the effect of an electric current on a resistor?
It converts electrical energy into heat
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To control the flow of current
What is the effect of an electric current on a light bulb?
It heats up the filament
What is the term for the temporary magnets made by winding a wire around an iron core and passing a current through the wire?
Electromagnets
What is the purpose of electroplating?
To coat a metal object with a thin layer of another metal
What is the primary cause of static electricity?
Friction between two surfaces
What is the charge of an object that has more electrons than protons?
Negatively charged
What happens when an object loses electrons?
It becomes positively charged
What is the result of attraction between objects with opposite charges?
Attraction
What is the nucleus of an atom composed of?
Protons and neutrons
What is the charge of neutrons?
No charge
What happens when an object gains electrons?
It becomes negatively charged
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
Components are connected across common points or junctions, creating multiple paths for the current
What is the result of repulsion between objects with the same charge?
Repulsion
What happens when more resistors are added in parallel?
The total resistance of the circuit decreases
What is the equation that represents the current relationship in a parallel circuit?
A1 = A2 + A3
What is a characteristic of LEDs?
They produce very little heat compared to incandescent bulbs
What is an application of LEDs?
Electronic timepieces
What is the energy transfer process in an incandescent light bulb?
Electrical Energy → Light Energy + Heat Energy
What is the energy transfer process in an LED?
Electrical Energy → Light Energy
What is the purpose of electroplating in jewelry?
To improve the appearance of the jewelry
What is the total current in a parallel circuit?
The sum of the currents through each parallel branch
What is the advantage of using LEDs?
They are energy-efficient and have a longer lifespan than traditional light bulbs
What is the characteristic of a series circuit?
There is only one pathway for the electric current to follow
What is the effect of adding more resistors in a series circuit?
The total resistance of the circuit increases
What is the effect of adding more cells in parallel?
The overall voltage of the circuit remains the same
What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?
To measure the electric current in a circuit
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
The current divides among the different branches of the circuit
What is the term for the rate of electron movement in a circuit?
Current
What is the effect of adding more cells in a series circuit?
The total voltage of the circuit increases
What is the purpose of electroplating in automotive parts?
To prevent corrosion of the car parts
What is the symbol for an ammeter in a circuit diagram?
A circle with the letter 'A' inside it
What is the characteristic of an ammeter?
It is designed to have very low resistance so that it does not significantly affect the current flowing through the circuit
What is the primary function of a switch in a circuit?
To control the flow of current
What is the difference between a closed circuit and an open circuit?
A closed circuit is complete, while an open circuit has a break in the pathway
What is the purpose of a resistor in a circuit?
To convert electrical energy into heat energy
What happens when electrons transfer from hair to a balloon?
Hair becomes positively charged and the balloon becomes negatively charged.
What is the purpose of earthing?
To safely discharge extra electrons from an object
What is the term for a circuit in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for the current to flow?
Series circuit
What is the symbol for a cell in a circuit diagram?
A pair of parallel lines, one longer and one shorter
What is the movement of electric charge through a closed, conducting circuit?
Electric current
What is the term for a component that allows electric charge to move through it?
Conductor
What is the role of delocalized electrons in metals?
They are free to move and carry electric charge
What is the purpose of using a variable resistor in a circuit?
To control the current flow dynamically
What is a component of a circuit that provides energy?
Source of energy
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To control the flow of current
What happens when a switch is open in a circuit?
The current does not flow through the circuit
What is the term for materials that allow the flow of electric current?
Conductors
What is the purpose of a wire in a circuit?
To conduct the current between the battery and the light bulb
What is the term for a circuit in which components are connected across common points, providing multiple paths for the current to flow?
Parallel circuit
What is an example of a device that uses electrical energy?
Light bulb
What is the term for the flow of electric charge through a conductor?
Electric current
What is a component of a circuit that converts electrical energy into other forms?
Resistor
What causes the prism effect?
Different wavelengths of light bending by different amounts
What is the longest wavelength of visible light?
700 nanometers
What type of electromagnetic wave has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light?
Ultraviolet (UV) light
What is the purpose of the prism in the activity 'Investigating the Visible Spectrum'?
To separate the different wavelengths of light
What is the frequency of a wave?
The number of waves that pass a point in one second
What type of electromagnetic wave is used in medical imaging?
X-rays
What is the term for the distance between two corresponding points on consecutive waves?
Wavelength
What is the purpose of adjusting the angle of the light source and the prism in the activity 'Investigating the Visible Spectrum'?
To project the spectrum onto the screen
What is the primary source of natural light on Earth?
The Sun
What is the term for objects that emit light?
Luminous
What is the speed of light in kilometers per second?
300,000 km/s
What is the process of light traveling through space?
Propagation
What is the term for the range of wavelengths of light that are visible to the human eye?
Visible Spectrum
What is the order of colors in the visible spectrum?
ROYGBIV
What happens when light passes through a prism?
It is dispersed
What is the term for the movement of light in a straight line?
Rectilinear
What is the purpose of a pinhole camera?
To demonstrate how light travels
What is the result of combining the colors of the visible spectrum?
White light
What is the main reason why your hair stands on end when you comb it with a plastic comb?
Friction causes electrons to be transferred from your hair to the comb
What is the charge of an object that has more electrons than protons?
Negatively charged
What happens when two objects with the same charge interact?
They repel each other
What happens when you rub a balloon on your hair?
Electrons transfer from your hair to the balloon
What is the term for the resistance against the movement of an object resulting from its contact with another object?
Friction
What is the purpose of earthing?
To safely discharge extra electrons from an object
What is the part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons?
Nucleus
What is an electric current?
The movement of electric charge through a closed, conducting circuit
What is the charge of a proton?
Positive
What happens when an object loses electrons?
It becomes positively charged
What is the function of resistors in a circuit?
To convert electrical energy into other forms of energy
What is the result of friction between two surfaces?
Electrons are transferred from one surface to another
What is a conductor?
A material that allows the flow of electric current
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To open or close the circuit
What is the function of the load in a circuit?
To use the electrical energy
What is delocalized electrons?
Electrons that are free to move within a metal
What is the Van de Graaff generator used for?
To generate a large electric charge on a metal dome
What is the purpose of an electroscope?
To detect the presence and type of charge on an object
What is the purpose of a switch in a circuit?
To control the flow of current
What is a characteristic of a series circuit?
Components are connected end-to-end
What happens when a circuit is open?
The current does not flow and the light bulb does not light up
What is the function of a resistor in a circuit?
To control the current flow within a circuit
What is the symbol for a cell in a circuit diagram?
A pair of parallel lines, one longer and one shorter
What is the purpose of a wire in a circuit?
To conduct the current between the battery, switch, and light bulb
What happens when a component fails in a parallel circuit?
The current can still flow through the other paths
What is the symbol used to represent a resistor in a circuit diagram?
A zigzag line
What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?
To protect the circuit from overheating
What is the primary source of energy for an electric circuit?
The electrical cells
What is the effect of an electric current flowing through a resistor?
It generates heat
What is the term for a circuit that has a complete electrical connection around which current flows?
Closed circuit
What is the purpose of a battery in a circuit?
To provide a higher voltage or increased capacity
What is the term for the process by which electric current causes chemical reactions in solutions?
Electrolysis
What is the purpose of a circuit breaker in an electrical circuit?
To stop the current flow during overloads or short circuits
What is the symbol used to represent a light bulb in a circuit diagram?
A circle with a cross
What is the effect of an electric current flowing through a wire coil around an iron core?
It creates a magnetic field
What is the term for the process by which electric current produces heat?
Heating effect
What is the purpose of a switch in an electrical circuit?
To open or close the circuit
What is the term for the temporary magnets made by winding a wire around an iron core and passing a current through the wire?
Electromagnets
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
Components are connected across common points or junctions, creating multiple paths for the current
What happens when more resistors are added in parallel to a circuit?
The total resistance of the circuit decreases
What is the relationship between the total current and branch currents in a parallel circuit?
The total current is equal to the sum of the branch currents
What is a characteristic of LEDs?
They produce very little heat compared to incandescent bulbs
What is the energy transfer process in an incandescent light bulb?
Electrical Energy → Light Energy + Heat Energy
What is the purpose of energy transfer diagrams?
To compare the energy outputs of different devices
What is an example of an output device?
LED
What is the advantage of using LEDs over incandescent bulbs?
They are more energy-efficient
What happens to the total current when more cells are added in parallel to a circuit?
It remains the same
What is the advantage of using parallel circuits?
They create multiple paths for the current
What is the primary reason for the prism effect?
Different wavelengths of light bend by different amounts
What is the longest wavelength of light in the visible spectrum?
Red light (~700 nanometers)
What is the frequency of light?
The number of waves that pass a point in one second
What is the primary source of natural light on Earth?
The Sun
What type of electromagnetic wave is used in medical imaging?
X-rays
What is the term for objects that emit light?
Luminous
What is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?
Potential energy
How does light travel through space?
In straight lines
What is the purpose of the prism in the activity?
To separate white light into its component colors
What is the range of wavelengths of light that are visible to the human eye?
Visible Spectrum
What type of electromagnetic wave is felt as heat?
Infrared light
What happens when light passes through a prism?
It is dispersed
What is the term for the entire range of electromagnetic waves?
Electromagnetic spectrum
What is the speed of light?
300,000 km/s
What is the function of a pinhole in a pinhole camera?
To allow light to pass through
What is an example of a luminous object?
A Light Bulb
What is the term for the transfer of energy through space as electromagnetic waves?
Radiation
What is the purpose of using a pinhole camera?
To demonstrate how light travels
What is the purpose of electroplating?
To improve the appearance, durability, and resistance to corrosion of an object
What is the main characteristic of a series circuit?
The current has only one pathway through which it can flow
What is the device used to measure the electric current in a circuit?
Ammeter
What happens when more resistors are added in series?
The total resistance of the circuit increases
What is the effect of adding more cells in series?
The total voltage increases
What is the characteristic of electron movement in a conductor?
Electrons move freely within the metal
What is the symbol for an ammeter in a circuit diagram?
A circle with the letter 'A' inside it
What is the characteristic of a parallel circuit?
There is more than one pathway for the electric current to follow
What is the effect of adding more resistors in parallel?
The total resistance of the circuit decreases
What is the purpose of an ammeter in a circuit?
To measure the electric current in a circuit
What happens to light when it hits an opaque substance?
It is reflected or absorbed by the substance
What is an example of a transparent substance?
Clear glass
What is the purpose of a sundial?
To tell time using shadows
What is the term for substances that transmit some light but not enough to see through clearly?
Translucent
What occurs when light hits a surface?
Reflection, absorption, or transmission occurs
What is an example of an opaque substance?
Wood
Why are shadows created?
Because light travels in straight lines and cannot pass through opaque objects
What is the term for the process of light passing through a material?
Transmission
What is the process by which a material takes in light energy?
Absorption
What color does a red filter transmit?
Red
What happens to the colors of light that are not reflected by an object?
They are absorbed
What is the angle between the incident ray and the normal line?
Angle of incidence
Why do black surfaces tend to feel hotter than white surfaces in sunlight?
Because they absorb more light
What is the law of reflection?
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
What is the purpose of wearing white clothes on a sunny day?
To reflect more light
What is the purpose of the normal line in understanding reflection?
To draw an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence
What type of surface produces a clear and focused image?
Smooth surface
What is the term for the process by which light bounces off a surface?
Reflection
What is the function of the cornea in the eye?
To focus light
Why are solar panels usually black?
Because they absorb more light
What is the term for the ray of light that strikes a surface?
Incident Ray
What is the light-sensitive layer of tissue lining the back of the eyeball?
Retina
What happens to light when it hits an object?
Certain wavelengths are absorbed, and others are reflected
What is the purpose of a mirror?
To reflect light
What is the main characteristic of terrestrial planets?
They have solid, rocky surfaces.
What are the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina?
Rods and cones
What is the term for the imaginary line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence?
Normal Line
What carries electrical impulses from the eye to the brain?
Optic nerve
What is the primary function of asteroids?
To act as small, rocky objects in the asteroid belt.
What is the final step in the process of vision?
Brain interpretation
What is the unique feature of Earth's position in the solar system?
It supports life due to its distance from the Sun.
What is a dwarf planet?
A planet that is unable to clear its orbit of other debris.
What is the main characteristic of gas giants?
They are much larger and mainly composed of gas.
What is the purpose of interactive simulators and 3D environments in exploring the solar system?
To provide detailed views of celestial bodies.
What is the term for the average distance between the Earth and the Sun?
Astronomical unit (AU).
What is the term for icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit?
Kuiper Belt objects.
What is the name of the planet known for its stunning ring system?
Saturn.
What is the main function of a converging lens?
To bend light rays inward to a focal point
What is the planet with the most moons in the solar system?
Jupiter.
What type of lens is used to correct near-sightedness?
Diverging lens
What is the Sun's surface temperature?
5500°C
What is the process by which hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium?
Nuclear fusion
What is the term for the movement of fluid caused by differences in temperature and density?
Convection
What is the term for a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by gravity?
Star
What type of planet has a solid, rocky surface?
Terrestrial planet
What is the process by which the brain interprets signals from the cone cells to perceive different colors?
Color Perception
What is the term for the collection of planets and other celestial bodies that orbit around the Sun?
Solar system
What is the term for the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another?
Refraction
What is the term for a cooler, dark area on the Sun's surface caused by magnetic activity?
Sunspot
What is the term for the stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun?
Solar wind
What is the purpose of the iris in the eye?
To adjust pupil size based on light intensity
What is the reason why light bends when it passes from one medium to another?
Because of the difference in optical density
What is the term for the splitting of white light into its component colors?
Dispersion
What is the role of the lens in the eye?
To focus light onto the retina
What is the result of refraction when light passes from a denser medium to a less dense medium?
The light bends away from the normal line
What is the term for the measure of how much a medium slows down light?
Optical density
What is the reason why a straw appears bent in a glass of water?
Because of the refraction of light as it passes from water to air
What is the term for the process by which light is focused or dispersed using refraction?
Lensing
What is the average temperature of Earth?
15°C
Which of the following planets is in the habitable zone of our solar system?
Earth
What is necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
Sunlight
What is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for the greenhouse effect on Earth?
Carbon dioxide
What is the result of an unchecked greenhouse effect on Earth?
Global warming
What is the estimated time when life on Earth began?
3.5 billion years ago
What is the shape of the Milky Way galaxy?
Spiral
How many major spiral arms does the Milky Way galaxy have?
5
What is the term for the central, spherical part of a galaxy?
Galaxy bulge
What is the term for a massive collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity?
Galaxy
What is the estimated number of galaxies in the Universe?
100 to 200 billion
What is the name of the arm of the galaxy that our Sun is situated in?
Orion Arm
What is the shape of the Milky Way galaxy?
Spiral
What is the distance that light travels in one minute?
Light Minute
What is the term for a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern?
Constellation
What is the speed at which our Solar System travels around the galactic center?
250 km/s
What is the term for the large-scale structure of the universe?
Filament
What is the term for the massive collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity?
Galaxy
What is an advantage of using mirrors in telescopes instead of lenses?
They are easier and cheaper to produce in large sizes
What is the estimated time it takes for the Sun to complete one orbit around the galactic center?
225 million years
What is the estimated diameter of the observable Universe?
93 billion light years
What is a characteristic of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)?
It uses a 91-segment hexagonal primary mirror
What is the name of the closest star to our Solar System?
Proxima Centauri
What is the distance that light travels in one year?
Light Year
What is the approximate distance from Earth to Proxima Centauri?
40 trillion kilometers
What is the main purpose of telescopes in astronomy?
To gather and magnify light from distant objects
What is the purpose of using light years, light hours, and light minutes to measure distances?
To simplify the measurement of vast distances
What is an advantage of radio telescopes over optical telescopes?
They can be used in all weather conditions and during both day and night
What is the term for vast, empty regions of space with very few galaxies?
Void
What is the nearest star to our solar system?
Proxima Centauri
What is the term for a large group of galaxies bound by gravity?
Galaxy Cluster
What is the term for the closest star in the constellation Orion?
Bellatrix
What is a characteristic of space telescopes?
They can observe the whole sky and provide sharper images due to the absence of atmospheric distortion
What is the name of the constellation that is easily visible from South Africa, even in urban areas?
The Southern Cross
What is the term for the small collection of galaxies bound by gravity?
Galaxy Group
What is the closest galactic neighbor to the Milky Way?
Andromeda Galaxy
What is an example of a space telescope?
The Hubble Space Telescope
What is the term for a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern?
Constellation
What type of telescope suffers from chromatic aberration?
Refracting Telescope
What is the main difference between optical and radio telescopes?
The type of electromagnetic radiation they detect
What is the term for the central part of the galaxy, appearing more orange due to older and cooler stars?
Galactic Bulge
What is the term for a collection of stars, gas, and dust coming in various shapes and sizes?
Galaxy
What is the name of the free, open-source program that generates a realistic, real-time 3D simulation of the night sky?
Stellarium
How long does it take for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth?
8 minutes
What type of telescope collects and focuses light using a curved primary mirror?
Reflecting Telescope
What is the approximate number of globular clusters in the Milky Way galaxy?
160
Why is the Karoo near Sutherland an ideal location for the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)?
Due to low light pollution, high elevation, and dry conditions
What is the distance that light travels in one hour?
Light Hour
What is the age of the Universe estimated to be?
13.7 billion years
What is the purpose of the MeerKAT array?
To detect radio waves from distant objects
What is the age of the oldest stars in the globular clusters of the Milky Way galaxy?
12.5 billion years
What is the term for the stories and myths associated with the stars and constellations?
Starlore
How long does it take for light to travel from an object one light year away?
1 year
What is the Andromeda galaxy visible as when viewed with the naked eye?
A faint, distant smudge
What is the purpose of measuring distances in light travel time?
To indicate how long the light from a source takes to reach us
What is the term for the main mirror in a reflecting telescope that collects light from distant objects?
Primary Mirror
Why are telescopes important tools in astronomy?
They allow us to study distant objects in detail
What type of telescope is used to collect and study radio waves from space?
Radio Telescope
What happens to light when it hits an opaque substance?
It is absorbed by the material and converted into heat.
What is the main characteristic of a transparent substance?
It allows most of the light to pass through with little absorption or reflection.
What is an example of a translucent substance?
Frosted glass
Why are shadows created?
Because light travels in straight lines and cannot pass through opaque objects.
What is the term for the process by which light passes through a material?
Transmission
What is an example of an opaque substance?
Wood
What is the purpose of a sundial?
To tell time using shadows.
What happens to light when it hits a translucent substance?
It is scattered in different directions.
What happens when light hits an object?
The object can absorb some colors of light and reflect others
What is the process by which light is bent as it passes from one medium to another?
Refraction
What is the purpose of a red filter?
To transmit only red light and absorb other colors
What is the term for the measure of how much a medium can slow down light?
Optical density
What is the purpose of the lens in the eye?
To focus light onto the retina
Why do black surfaces tend to feel hotter than white surfaces in the sun?
Because they absorb more light and convert it into heat
What is the term for the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another?
Refraction
What is the process by which a material takes in light energy?
Absorption
Why are solar panels often black?
To absorb more light and convert it into electrical energy
What happens to light as it passes from a less dense medium to a denser medium?
It slows down
What is the term for the separation of light into its component colors?
Dispersion
What is the purpose of a mirror?
To reflect light with minimal absorption
What happens when light hits a still lake?
It creates a mirror-like reflection of the surrounding scenery
What is the purpose of the retina in the eye?
To convert light into electrical signals
What is the term for the medium through which light travels?
Medium
What is the term for the process by which light bounces off a surface?
Reflection
What is the term for the bending of light as it enters a different medium at an angle?
Refraction
Why do black objects tend to appear black?
Because they absorb all colors of light and reflect none
What is the term for the ray of light that strikes a surface?
Incident Ray
What happens to light as it passes from air into a denser medium?
It slows down
What is the main function of a converging lens?
To bend light rays inward to a focal point
What is the term for the collection of planets and other celestial bodies that orbit around the Sun?
Solar system
What is the process that occurs in the Sun where atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy?
Nuclear fusion
What is the term for a cooler, dark area on the Sun's surface caused by magnetic activity?
Sunspot
What is the primary component of the Sun's surface?
Dense gas
What is the term for a planet with a solid, rocky surface?
Terrestrial planet
What is the term for the movement of fluid caused by differences in temperature and density within the fluid?
Convection
What is the term for a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun?
Solar wind
What is the term for the 11-year cycle of sunspot activity?
Solar cycle
What is the angle of incidence in relation to the normal line?
The angle between the incident ray and the normal line
What is the primary correction for near-sightedness?
Diverging lens
What is the purpose of the normal line in understanding reflection?
To draw a perpendicular line to the surface
What is the law of reflection?
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
What type of surface produces a clear and focused image when light reflects off it?
Smooth surface
What is the function of the cornea in the eye?
To focus light entering the eye
What is the role of photoreceptor cells in the retina?
To detect light and convert it into electrical impulses
What happens to light when it hits an object?
Certain wavelengths are absorbed and others are reflected
What is the purpose of the optic nerve in the eye?
To transmit electrical impulses to the brain
What is the final step in the process of vision?
The brain interprets the electrical impulses as visual images
What is the difference between rods and cones in the retina?
Rods are sensitive to light and dark changes and cones are sensitive to color
What is the main reason why Venus is not habitable?
It has a strong greenhouse effect
What is the range of distances from the Sun where liquid water can exist on a planet's surface?
0.8 to 1.4 AU
What are the three conditions necessary for life to exist on a planet?
Liquid water, moderate temperatures, and sunlight
What is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for the natural greenhouse effect on Earth?
Carbon dioxide
What is the estimated age of the origin of life on Earth?
3.5 billion years ago
What is the name of the galaxy that our solar system is a part of?
The Milky Way Galaxy
What is the structure of the Milky Way Galaxy?
A giant spiral
How many major spiral arms does the Milky Way Galaxy have?
5
What is the term for the central, spherical part of a galaxy?
Galaxy bulge
What is the term for the flattened region of a galaxy containing most of its stars, dust, and gas?
Galaxy disk
What is the main reason why planets and other objects stay in orbit around the Sun?
The Sun's powerful gravitational pull
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes terrestrial planets from gas giants?
Composition
Which type of celestial object is primarily found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter?
Asteroids
What is the unique feature of Earth's atmosphere that supports life?
Abundant oxygen
What is the term for the region around a star where conditions are suitable for liquid water to exist?
Habitable zone
Which planet is known for its stunning ring system?
Saturn
What is the largest planet in our solar system?
Jupiter
What is the term for the average distance between the Earth and the Sun?
Astronomical unit
What is the main characteristic of dwarf planets?
They are smaller than planets and cannot clear their orbits
What is the purpose of interactive simulators and 3D environments in exploring the solar system?
To provide detailed views of celestial bodies
What is the distance that light travels in one minute?
Light Minute
What is the distance that light travels in one hour?
Light Hour
What is the largest group of galaxies that can be found in the universe?
Supercluster
How long does it take for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth?
1.3 seconds
What is the distance between the nearest star to our solar system, Proxima Centauri, and Earth?
40 trillion kilometers
What is the term for the structure of the universe that resembles a sponge-like pattern?
Filament
What is the Milky Way's shape when viewed from the side?
A giant fried egg
What is the term for a massive collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity?
Galaxy
What is the estimated age of the universe in billions of years?
13.7
What is the approximate speed of the Sun as it revolves around the galaxy's center?
250 km/s
How far can light travel in one second?
around the Earth 7.5 times
What is the term for a group of stars that form a recognizable pattern in the night sky?
Constellation
What is the diameter of the observable universe in billions of light years?
93
What is the term for a small collection of galaxies bound by gravity?
Galaxy Group
What is the term for the central part of the galaxy?
Galactic Bulge
How long does it take for light to travel from an object one light year away?
one year
What is the approximate distance from Earth to Proxima Centauri?
40 trillion kilometers
What is the term for the large-scale structure of the universe that is composed of galaxy clusters?
Filament
What is the advantage of using mirrors in telescopes over lenses?
They do not suffer from chromatic aberration
What is the average size of the Milky Way galaxy in light years?
100,000
What is the term for a group of stars that, when observed from Earth, forms a recognizable pattern?
Constellation
What is the distance that light travels in one year?
nearly 10 trillion kilometers
What is the main purpose of using units based on the speed of light?
to simplify the measurement of vast distances
What is the significance of the location of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT)?
It is located in an area with low light pollution, high elevation, and dry conditions
What is the name of the star system that includes Proxima Centauri?
Alpha Centauri
What is the term for the empty regions of space between galaxy clusters?
Void
What is the purpose of radio telescopes?
To observe radio waves from distant objects
What is the approximate age of the oldest stars in the Milky Way?
12.5 billion years
What is the closest galactic neighbor to the Milky Way?
Andromeda Galaxy
What is the advantage of space telescopes?
They can observe the whole sky and provide sharper images
What is the type of galaxy that the Milky Way belongs to?
Spiral
What is the term for the regions in the galaxy filled with dust, gas, and hot young stars?
Galactic Disk
What is an example of a space telescope?
The Hubble Space Telescope
How many globular clusters are estimated to be in the Milky Way?
160
What is the approximate distance from Earth to the Sun?
150 million kilometers
What is the main purpose of telescopes in astronomy?
To analyze the light and electromagnetic radiation from distant objects
What is the purpose of building a simple refracting telescope?
To explore how lenses work to collect and focus light
What can be used to identify constellations and celestial objects visible from a location?
Stellarium or other tools
What type of aberration do refracting telescopes suffer from?
Chromatic aberration
What is the benefit of placing telescopes in space?
They can observe electromagnetic radiation blocked by Earth's atmosphere
What is the main difference between a refracting telescope and a reflecting telescope?
The use of lenses versus mirrors
Which of the following is an example of a traditional African starlore activity?
Researching stories associated with constellations visible in the southern sky
What is the purpose of Stellarium in traditional African starlore research?
To simulate the night sky and locate constellations
What is the term for the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment?
Ecology
What is the term for the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships?
Biosphere
What is the main advantage of using reflecting telescopes over refracting telescopes?
Reflecting telescopes do not suffer from chromatic aberration
What is the term for an instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer?
Telescope
In the constellation Orion, which star is the closest to Earth?
Bellatrix
What happens when light hits an object?
The object absorbs some colors of light and reflects others
What is the function of a red filter?
To absorb all colors of light except red
Why do black surfaces become hotter than lighter surfaces when exposed to sunlight?
Because they absorb all colors of light
What is the angle between the incident ray and the normal line?
Angle of Incidence
What is the purpose of wearing white clothes on a sunny day?
To stay cooler
Why are solar panels usually black?
Because they absorb more light
What is the purpose of the normal line in understanding reflection?
To measure the angle of incidence
What happens when light hits a mirror?
It reflects all colors of light
What type of surface reflects light uniformly?
Smooth Surface
What happens when light hits an opaque surface?
It is absorbed and converted into heat.
What is the term for the process by which a material takes in light energy?
Absorption
What is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil?
Iris
What is the light-sensitive layer of tissue lining the back of the eyeball?
Retina
Why do ladybirds appear red?
Because they absorb all colors of light except red
What is the primary characteristic of transparent substances?
They transmit most of the light.
What is the purpose of a whiteboard?
To reflect most of the light
What is the function of photoreceptor cells in the retina?
To detect light and dark changes
Which of the following is an example of a translucent substance?
Frosted glass
What is the purpose of the optic nerve?
To transmit electrical impulses to the brain
What is the purpose of a sundial?
To tell time.
What happens when light hits a blackboard?
It absorbs most of the light
What happens when light hits an object?
Certain wavelengths are absorbed, and others are reflected
What happens when an opaque object blocks the path of light?
It creates a shadow.
What is the term for the process by which we see?
Vision
What is the term for the process by which light passes through a material?
Transmission
What is the term for the storage form of glucose in plants?
Starch
Which of the following substances is opaque?
Wood
What is the term for substances that allow some light to pass through, but not enough to see objects clearly?
Translucent
What is the process by which the brain interprets signals from the cone cells to perceive different colors?
Color Perception
What is the term for the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another?
Refraction
What is the role of the lens in the eye?
To focus light onto the retina
What happens when light enters a different medium at an angle?
It changes direction
Why does light refract when it passes from one medium to another?
Because it changes speed
What is the term for the amount of bending of light as it passes from one medium to another?
Optical Density
What is the result of refraction when white light passes through a prism?
The light is split into its component colors
What is the role of the optic nerve in the eye?
To transmit signals to the brain
What is the phenomenon that occurs when a straw appears bent in a glass of water?
Refraction
What is the purpose of lenses in optics?
To focus or disperse light
What is the main function of a converging lens?
Bends light rays inward to a focal point
What is the correct term for the collection of planets and other celestial bodies that orbit around the Sun?
Solar system
What is the process by which hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium in the Sun?
Nuclear fusion
What is the term for the cooler, dark areas on the Sun's surface?
Sunspots
What is the purpose of using a filter or a pinhole projector when observing the Sun?
To reduce the intensity of the Sun's light
What is the term for the largest planet in our solar system made mostly of gases with a small rocky core?
Gas giant
What is the main component of the Sun's surface, by percentage?
Hydrogen (about 71%)
What is the term for the movement of fluid caused by differences in temperature and density within the fluid?
Convection
What is the term for the energy generated in the core of the Sun that takes 17,000 to 100,000 years to reach the surface?
Energy transfer
What is the term for the cycle of sunspots that varies in an 11-year period?
Solar cycle
What is the average temperature of Venus?
464°C
Why is Earth's location within the habitable zone important for life?
It ensures moderate temperatures for liquid water to exist
What is the primary role of the greenhouse effect on Earth?
To trap heat and keep the planet warm enough to support life
What is the main characteristic of terrestrial planets?
Solid, rocky surfaces with metallic cores
What is the estimated age of life on Earth?
3.5 billion years
What is the region around a star where conditions are just right for liquid water to exist?
Habitable zone
What is the term for a massive collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity?
Galaxy
What is the purpose of interactive simulators and 3D environments in exploring the solar system?
To provide detailed views of celestial bodies
How many major spiral arms does the Milky Way Galaxy have?
5
What is a galaxy cluster?
A large group of galaxies bound by gravity
What is the consequence of an unchecked greenhouse effect on a planet?
It results in extreme heat, making the planet inhospitable
What is the largest planet in our solar system?
Jupiter
What is the purpose of sunlight in supporting life on Earth?
To enable photosynthesis, which is essential for plant growth
What is the approximate number of galaxies in the Universe?
100 to 200 billion
What is the term for small, rocky objects primarily found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter?
Asteroids
What shape do elliptical galaxies range from?
Nearly spherical to elongated
What are the three conditions necessary for life to exist on a planet?
Sunlight, moderate temperatures, and oxygen
What is the unique feature of Venus?
All of the above
What is the characteristic of the gas giants in our solar system?
They are composed mainly of hydrogen and helium
What is the Local Group a part of?
The Virgo Supercluster
Why is Mars unable to support liquid water?
It is too far from the Sun
What is the structure of the Universe on the largest scales?
A sponge-like structure
What is the term for the average distance between the Earth and the Sun?
Astronomical unit
What is the approximate diameter of the observable Universe?
93 billion light years
What is the characteristic of Neptune?
It is known for its intense storms and strong winds
What is a constellation?
A group of stars forming a recognizable pattern
What is the position of Earth in the solar system?
Third planet from the Sun
What is the term for stories and traditions associated with the stars and constellations?
Starlore
What is the name of the prominent constellation visible from South Africa?
Southern Cross (Crux)
Why do early cultures group stars into patterns?
To mark the passage of time
What is the approximate distance between the Sun and Earth?
150 million kilometers
What is the speed at which the Solar System travels around the galactic center?
250 km/s
What is the term for the central part of the galaxy?
Galactic Bulge
What is the name of the constellation that is easily visible from South Africa?
Southern Cross
What is the name of the star that is part of the Alpha Centauri system and is the closest to our Solar System?
Proxima Centauri
What is the approximate distance between Proxima Centauri and Earth?
40 trillion kilometers
What is the term for the grouping of stars that forms a recognizable pattern?
Constellation
What is the distance that light travels in one minute?
Light Minute
What is the unit of distance used to measure distances between stars and galaxies?
Light Year
What is the name of the arm of the galaxy in which our Sun is situated?
Orion Arm
What is the term for the massive collection of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity?
Galaxy
What is the term for the round fuzzy blobs of hundreds of thousands of ancient stars?
Globular Cluster
How long does it take for the Sun to complete one orbit around the galactic center?
225 million years
How long does it take for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth?
8 minutes
What is the distance between the Earth and the Moon in terms of light travel time?
1.3 seconds
What is the term for the collection of galaxies bound by gravity?
Galaxy Group
How long does it take for light to travel from Proxima Centauri to the Earth?
4.24 light years
What is the advantage of using mirrors in telescopes?
They do not suffer from chromatic aberration
What is the unit of distance used to measure distances within the solar system?
Light Minute
Where is the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) located?
In the Karoo near Sutherland
How fast does light travel?
Very fast
What is the distance light travels in one hour?
Light Hour
What type of electromagnetic radiation is blocked by Earth's atmosphere?
X-rays, ultraviolet, and infrared light
What is the advantage of using radio telescopes?
They can be used in all weather conditions and during both day and night
What is the MeerKAT array?
A radio telescope array in the Northern Cape
What is the Hubble Space Telescope known for?
Its detailed images
What is the main advantage of space telescopes?
They can observe the whole sky and provide sharper images
What is the main reason why stars appear to be in patterns in the night sky?
The stars are at vastly different distances from Earth
What is the primary mirror of the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) made up of?
A 91-segment hexagonal mirror
What is the purpose of traditional African starlore?
To tell stories about the stars and constellations
What is the benefit of using Stellarium in the research activity?
It generates a realistic, real-time 3D simulation of the night sky
What is the term for an instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer?
Telescope
What is the main problem with refracting telescopes?
They suffer from chromatic aberration
What type of telescope is used to collect radio waves?
Radio telescope
What is the main purpose of telescopes in astronomy?
To gather and magnify light from distant objects
What is the term for the study of the night sky and the stars and constellations within it?
Astronomy
What is the term for the distance between the Earth and the Andromeda galaxy?
2.5 million light years
What is the main advantage of using a space telescope?
It is placed in space to collect various types of electromagnetic radiation blocked by Earth's atmosphere
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