Lecture 5: Psychobiological & lexical approaches
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary limitation of lexical accounts of personality?

  • They are based on outdated research
  • They fail to explain personality traits (correct)
  • They focus too much on behavior
  • They are not applicable cross-culturally

    • Who is considered the 'Father' of modern biological approaches to personality?

  • Hans Eysenck (correct)
  • G.W. Allport
  • Sigmund Freud
  • H.S. Odbert

    • What is the main goal of psychobiological methodologies?

  • To understand individual differences in behavior (correct)
  • To develop treatments for mental disorders
  • To identify personality traits
  • To study the neural basis of personality

    • What type of terms describe behaviors such as walking and digesting?

    <p>Behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the study by Allport and Odbert that is referenced in the content?

    <p>Trait-names: A Psycho-Lexical Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between lexical and psychobiological methodologies?

    <p>Lexical methodologies focus on describing traits, while psychobiological methodologies focus on explaining traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing is used to analyze genetic factors in psychobiological research?

    <p>Genetic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to discover dimensions of personality in the trait approach?

    <p>Factor Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an assumption of the trait approach?

    <p>Dimensions are finite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis is used to categorize lexical evidence and biological data?

    <p>Factor Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the dimensions in the trait approach?

    <p>They are linear and independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a method used in biological models?

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Lexical taxonomy?

    <p>Identifying personality trait-descriptors in natural language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that contribute to personality development?

    <p>Social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the taxonomy that seeks to identify the biological/genetic markers of personality traits?

    <p>The Psychobiological taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with artistic tendencies, intellect, and acceptance of new ideas or change?

    <p>Openness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for characteristic, biologically-based reaction patterns that are present from an early age?

    <p>Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a dimension of personality associated with a predisposition to mood and anxiety disorders?

    <p>Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the personality trait that refers to the quality of a person's social/interpersonal impact?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dimension of personality that mediates the psychopathological effects of the other two dimensions?

    <p>Psychoticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the questionnaire used to examine extraversion and neuroticism?

    <p>Eysenck Personality Questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the sample size of the undergraduate psychology students analyzed in the study?

    <p>877</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of the journal where the study was published?

    <p>Personality and Individual Differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept examined in the study regarding extraversion and neuroticism?

    <p>Partial independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific condition under which extraversion and neuroticism are not independent?

    <p>Amongst high N scorers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the dimensionality examined in the study?

    <p>Independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of evidence-based scientific theories in the context of personality?

    <p>They provide probabilistic predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a limitation of current approaches to personality?

    <p>They can't manage complex interactions between elements of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct application of personality theories?

    <p>Criminal profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a formally accepted view of personality?

    <p>The current formally accepted view of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the biological approach to personality?

    <p>It focuses on biological structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in understanding personality development?

    <p>Accounting for changes in personality traits through adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lexical Methodologies

    • Terms used to distinguish people based on their behavior
    • Terms that describe common behaviors (e.g., walking, digesting) are excluded
    • Four categories of terms:
      • Censorial and evaluative (e.g., insignificant, acceptable, worthy)
      • Metaphorical (e.g., red-headed, lean)

    Problem of Lexical Accounts

    • Lexical accounts of personality describe traits, but don't explain them
    • Questions to be answered:
      • Why do we behave in and experience the world as we do?
      • What is the source of individual differences in behavior and experience?

    Psychobiological Methodologies

    • Hans Eysenck: 'Father' of modern biological approaches to personality
    • Assumptions:
      • Personality develops through the interplay between:
        • Cognition (memory, perception, thought, language, intelligence)
        • Temperament (characteristic, biologically-based reaction patterns)
        • Constitution or physiology (neurology, endocrinology, genetics, etc.)
        • Environment (both human and physical)
      • Personality is dimensionally and hierarchically arranged

    Two Main Trait Taxonomies

    • Lexical taxonomy (e.g., Big-5):
      • Seeks to identify personality trait-descriptors in natural language
      • Five dimensions:
        • Neuroticism: emotional stability
        • Extraversion: social/interpersonal impact
        • Agreeableness: quality of social/interpersonal impact
        • Conscientiousness: responsibility, dutifulness, and will to achieve
        • Openness: artistic tendencies, intellect, and acceptance of new ideas or change
    • Psychobiological taxonomy (Eysenck's Big-3):
      • Seeks to identify biological/genetic markers of personality traits
      • Three dimensions:
        • Neuroticism (related temperament: emotionality): predisposition to mood and anxiety disorders
        • Extraversion (related temperament: activity): predisposition to accidents, injuries, and substance abuse
        • Psychoticism (tough- vs. avoidance)

    Assumptions of the Trait Approach

    • Common assumptions:
      • The personality space is made up of dimensions
      • These dimensions are finite
      • We can discover these dimensions by categorizing lexical evidence and biological data
      • These dimensions are linear and independent from each other

    Dimensionality: Linearity and Independence

    • Dimensionality: linearity is assumed, but in reality, dimensions are likely oblique and non-linear
    • Independence: examined whether extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N) are independent except amongst high N scorers

    Contributions of the Trait Approach

    • Scientific theories that are evidence-based
    • Clear-cut and reliable predictions
    • Testable and probabilistic
    • Cross-cultural (also gender/age) validity
    • Direct applications to occupational/educational psychology, psychopathology, and evolutionary psychology
    • Contributions to criminal profiling and adaptive interrogation techniques

    Limitations of the Trait Approach

    • Can't manage complex, dynamic interactions between elements of personality
    • Statistical methods of analysis assume linearity and independence
    • Lexical approach can't identify what personality traits are
    • Biological approach is generally unreliable
    • How to account for changes in personality traits through adulthood?
    • Theoretically weak

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