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How do shamans help their communities?
How do shamans help their communities?
What is the origin of the term 'shaman'?
What is the origin of the term 'shaman'?
What distinguishes a shaman from a priest in terms of their selection?
What distinguishes a shaman from a priest in terms of their selection?
What is a common characteristic of shamans regarding their work status?
What is a common characteristic of shamans regarding their work status?
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How do shamans typically communicate with the supernatural world?
How do shamans typically communicate with the supernatural world?
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What usually happens during a shaman's calling?
What usually happens during a shaman's calling?
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Why are shamans considered gifted with great responsibility and privilege?
Why are shamans considered gifted with great responsibility and privilege?
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What is significant about the way one becomes a shaman?
What is significant about the way one becomes a shaman?
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What is the innate ability to conduct witchcraft called by the Azande people?
What is the innate ability to conduct witchcraft called by the Azande people?
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How is witchcraft mangu viewed in Azande society?
How is witchcraft mangu viewed in Azande society?
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What oracle is used by the Azande to determine if an illness is caused by witchcraft?
What oracle is used by the Azande to determine if an illness is caused by witchcraft?
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How do Azande determine the course of action to treat an illness?
How do Azande determine the course of action to treat an illness?
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What does the Benge oracle determine among the Azande people?
What does the Benge oracle determine among the Azande people?
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In Euro-American societies, how is witchcraft influenced?
In Euro-American societies, how is witchcraft influenced?
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What is the method used by the Azande to determine if a witch is guilty?
What is the method used by the Azande to determine if a witch is guilty?
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What happens when an Azande accused of being a witch undergoes a ritual to remove mangu?
What happens when an Azande accused of being a witch undergoes a ritual to remove mangu?
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What is the primary function of supernatural beings according to Robin Horton's study of African religion?
What is the primary function of supernatural beings according to Robin Horton's study of African religion?
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In societies with decision-making hierarchies, how likely are they to have a supreme god?
In societies with decision-making hierarchies, how likely are they to have a supreme god?
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What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status in relation to gods fulfilling needs?
What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status in relation to gods fulfilling needs?
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What factor influences the need for a higher active god according to Robin Horton's study?
What factor influences the need for a higher active god according to Robin Horton's study?
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Why are lesser gods more likely to fulfill needs associated with achieved status?
Why are lesser gods more likely to fulfill needs associated with achieved status?
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What does the behavior of gods serve as for human behavior according to Robin Horton?
What does the behavior of gods serve as for human behavior according to Robin Horton?
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In what type of societies are high gods more likely to exist according to Guy Swanson's findings?
In what type of societies are high gods more likely to exist according to Guy Swanson's findings?
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What does an otiose god imply in Robin Horton's study?
What does an otiose god imply in Robin Horton's study?
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What is the main idea of Islamism?
What is the main idea of Islamism?
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Which ideology aims to purify Islam by emulating the early Muslim community?
Which ideology aims to purify Islam by emulating the early Muslim community?
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Who is NOT listed as an important thinker in the Salāfi movement?
Who is NOT listed as an important thinker in the Salāfi movement?
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What do Revivalist Movements aim to do?
What do Revivalist Movements aim to do?
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What is a key reason Salāfism is appealing?
What is a key reason Salāfism is appealing?
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Which movement longs to return to an imagined historical way of life?
Which movement longs to return to an imagined historical way of life?
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What distinguishes Islamism from Revivalist Movements?
What distinguishes Islamism from Revivalist Movements?
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Why do some cultures practice methods of preserving the body?
Why do some cultures practice methods of preserving the body?
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What is one reason embalming is done in Canada and the US?
What is one reason embalming is done in Canada and the US?
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What is the primary goal of Islamist movements?
What is the primary goal of Islamist movements?
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What belief did the ancient Egyptians hold regarding the preservation of the body?
What belief did the ancient Egyptians hold regarding the preservation of the body?
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What was one consequence of mummification being time consuming and expensive?
What was one consequence of mummification being time consuming and expensive?
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In what culture is living with the dead considered a normal part of their practices?
In what culture is living with the dead considered a normal part of their practices?
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What does embalming aim to achieve in Canada and the US?
What does embalming aim to achieve in Canada and the US?
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What is one reason why some cultures believe preserving the body is important?
What is one reason why some cultures believe preserving the body is important?
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Why was mummification considered time-consuming and expensive?
Why was mummification considered time-consuming and expensive?
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Animism is the belief in spirit beings like vampires and werewolves.
Animism is the belief in spirit beings like vampires and werewolves.
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Edward Burnett Tylor is associated with the concept of animism.
Edward Burnett Tylor is associated with the concept of animism.
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The social dimension of religion focuses on the individual's personal experiences of the sacred reality.
The social dimension of religion focuses on the individual's personal experiences of the sacred reality.
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Clifford Geertz defined religion as a system of symbols that establish moods and motivations in individuals.
Clifford Geertz defined religion as a system of symbols that establish moods and motivations in individuals.
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A functional definition of religion allows for easy separation of religious and non-religious systems.
A functional definition of religion allows for easy separation of religious and non-religious systems.
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According to essentialist definitions, religion is too exclusive in its nature.
According to essentialist definitions, religion is too exclusive in its nature.
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Religion deals with the relationship between humans and the natural world.
Religion deals with the relationship between humans and the natural world.
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The miusak will avenge the death of a person's aruntam if it is killed.
The miusak will avenge the death of a person's aruntam if it is killed.
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Ruh is used to describe the soul when it is connected to the body.
Ruh is used to describe the soul when it is connected to the body.
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The soul is considered the feminine principle between body and spirit.
The soul is considered the feminine principle between body and spirit.
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Humans do not have the ability to elevate their souls in this world according to the text.
Humans do not have the ability to elevate their souls in this world according to the text.
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Nafs-i-lawwamah describes the stage where the soul relies on basic instincts and is selfish in nature.
Nafs-i-lawwamah describes the stage where the soul relies on basic instincts and is selfish in nature.
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The surrendered soul, Nafs-i-muta, is non-attached and reintegrated with the spirit.
The surrendered soul, Nafs-i-muta, is non-attached and reintegrated with the spirit.
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Humans do not undergo a quest for transformation to realize themselves.
Humans do not undergo a quest for transformation to realize themselves.
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Women in Zairon are restricted and segregated from men due to the possession by Red Jinn
Women in Zairon are restricted and segregated from men due to the possession by Red Jinn
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If a woman in Zairon cannot have children, she is given a high status in society
If a woman in Zairon cannot have children, she is given a high status in society
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The possession by a zar in Zairon can be reversed through specific ceremonies
The possession by a zar in Zairon can be reversed through specific ceremonies
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Red Jinn in Zairon can only possess women of childbearing age
Red Jinn in Zairon can only possess women of childbearing age
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In Zairon, a woman's worth and happiness are not dependent on her ability to have healthy sons
In Zairon, a woman's worth and happiness are not dependent on her ability to have healthy sons
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Gods in Zairon are non-anthropomorphic beings with no human characteristics
Gods in Zairon are non-anthropomorphic beings with no human characteristics
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Pantheon in Zairon refers to the dominant god that controls all other gods and goddesses
Pantheon in Zairon refers to the dominant god that controls all other gods and goddesses
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Type III FGM involves the removal of the entire clitoris and labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.
Type III FGM involves the removal of the entire clitoris and labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.
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Type II FGM involves partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.
Type II FGM involves partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.
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All types of Female Genital Mutilation are religious practices.
All types of Female Genital Mutilation are religious practices.
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Type IV FGM includes all other beneficial procedures.
Type IV FGM includes all other beneficial procedures.
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Infertility is not a potential consequence of Female Genital Mutilation.
Infertility is not a potential consequence of Female Genital Mutilation.
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Trauma is not associated with Female Genital Mutilation.
Trauma is not associated with Female Genital Mutilation.
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Death has never been reported as a result of Female Genital Mutilation.
Death has never been reported as a result of Female Genital Mutilation.
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Wahhabi Islam completely rejects all Islamic jurisprudence traditions.
Wahhabi Islam completely rejects all Islamic jurisprudence traditions.
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Ibn Abd al-Wahhab emphasized the importance of tawhid and shirk in his Islamic reform movement.
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab emphasized the importance of tawhid and shirk in his Islamic reform movement.
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Unlike Salafism, Wahhabi Islam is not influenced by the Hanbali-Sunni madhhab.
Unlike Salafism, Wahhabi Islam is not influenced by the Hanbali-Sunni madhhab.
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Ibn Taymiyya, a conservative jurist, had a liberal theological approach.
Ibn Taymiyya, a conservative jurist, had a liberal theological approach.
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Like Salafis, Wahhabis interpret the Qur'an and Hadith metaphorically for modern times.
Like Salafis, Wahhabis interpret the Qur'an and Hadith metaphorically for modern times.
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The validity of a Hadith can be discredited if any person in the chain of transmitters had a reputation of dishonesty.
The validity of a Hadith can be discredited if any person in the chain of transmitters had a reputation of dishonesty.
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Ibn Abd al-Wahhab followed the traditional method of Hadith authentication.
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab followed the traditional method of Hadith authentication.
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Wahhabi Islam rejects the concept of Lesser Jihad.
Wahhabi Islam rejects the concept of Lesser Jihad.
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The science of Hadith focuses on the interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence.
The science of Hadith focuses on the interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence.
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Salafis and Wahhabis both believe in applying the Quran and Hadith literally to contemporary situations.
Salafis and Wahhabis both believe in applying the Quran and Hadith literally to contemporary situations.
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Study Notes
Preserving the Body
- Embalming is a way to preserve the body for short durations, usually practiced in cultures that believe in maintaining the body's integrity for the soul's next life.
- Examples of cultures that practice body preservation include ancient Egyptians, who developed mummification to ensure continuation after death, and the Torajans, who live with the dead as a normal part of their culture.
Islamist Movements
- Islamism is the idea that Islam should guide social and political affairs.
- Islamist movements formed in response to Western imperialism and Muslim diversity.
- Context plays a crucial role in shaping movement motivations.
- Salafism, an ideology that aims to purify Islam, grew out of Egypt in the 19th century in response to Western Imperialism.
- Salafism is appealing because it claims religious certainty and promises paradise exclusively to those who follow the Salafi path.
- Important thinkers in the Salafi movement include Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Wahhab, Sayyid Qutb, Hasan al-Banna, and Mowlana Maududi.
- Salafism has inspired Revivalist Movements, which aim to revive or return to an imagined golden age.
Witchcraft and Magic
- For the Azande, witchcraft is an everyday reality, and they call the innate ability to conduct witchcraft "mangu".
- Mangu is considered the soul of witchcraft and can leave the body during sleep and enter the body of the victim.
- Witchcraft accusations are based on social tension and can grow out of negative emotions or behavior.
- Azande society supports polygamy, which can lead to tensions between co-wives, and witchcraft accusations can arise from these tensions.
- The Azande use oracles to determine the cause of illness and to identify witches.
Shamanism
- Shamanism refers to techniques used by religious specialists to help members of the community by healing the sick, divining the future, and ensuring a successful hunt.
- Shamans use handheld drums and spirit helpers to communicate with the supernatural world.
- Shamans share some general characteristics, including working part-time as religious specialists, being found in small-scale societies, and being chosen by the spirit world.
- Shamans are able to directly communicate with the supernatural world through an ASC (Altered State of Consciousness).
Gods and Society
- Supernatural beings function to extend the realm of social relations, and their behavior is a model for human behavior.
- In Horton's study of African religion, the variable of outsider contact affects the need for a higher active god.
- Gods are often anthropomorphic, having human characteristics, and may be born, marry, or die.
- There are different types of gods, including pantheons, which are all gods and goddesses in a polytheistic system.
Mystical Islam
- In Mystical Islam, the soul is the feminine principle between body and spirit.
- All souls originate from the spiritual world, and the soul undertakes a quest for transformation to realize itself.
- There are three main stages of the soul's journey: Nafs-t-ammarah (the inciting soul), Nafs-i-lawwamah (the self-accusing soul), and Nafs-i-muta (the soul that is at peace).
Functional and Essentialist Definitions of Religion
- Functional definitions of religion focus on the social and/or psychological function of religion.
- Essentialist definitions of religion look at the essential nature of religion, including the supernatural and sacred.
- Examples of functional definitions include Clifford Geertz's definition, which states that religion is a system of symbols that establishes powerful moods and motivations in men.
- Examples of essentialist definitions include the definition that religion is a system of beliefs and behaviors that deals with the relationship between humans and the sacred supernatural.
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Description
Test your knowledge on mystical beliefs surrounding Miusak and souls in different cultures. Explore the concept of avenging spirits like Miusak and the distinction between Ruh and Nafs in Islamic mysticism.
