cadiac Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of congenital heart diseases are caused by chromosomal genetic defects?

  • 10%-12% (correct)
  • 15%-18%
  • 20%-25%
  • 5%-7%

    • What type of lesion is characterized by a blockage or narrowing of a blood vessel?

  • Acyanotic lesion
  • Obstructive lesion (correct)
  • Cyanotic lesion
  • Mixed lesion

    • What is the name of the defect in which there is a hole in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart?

  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Atrial septal defect (correct)
  • Tetralogy of Fallot

    • What is the term for a heart defect in which the pulmonary artery and aorta are reversed?

    <p>Transposition of great arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a heart defect in which there is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an echocardiogram in the diagnosis of a congenital heart defect?

    <p>To visualize the heart and its blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of early use of indomethacin to close a PDA soon after birth?

    <p>It decreases the risk for pulmonary hemorrhage and IVH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the incision made during PDA surgery?

    <p>On the side of the child's chest between the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal course of development for the hole between the two atria in infants?

    <p>It closes within the first few weeks of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxygen-rich blood flowing through the hole in the septum into the right ventricle?

    <p>The oxygen-rich blood mixes with the oxygen-poor blood and goes back to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the extra noise created by blood flowing through the hole in the septum?

    <p>Heart murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a child with a small VSD that causes no symptoms?

    <p>Regular visits to a cardiologist to monitor for any problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common lung problem associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a prostaglandin infusion in Tetralogy of Fallot treatment?

    <p>To dilate the ductus arteriosus and increase pulmonary blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sudden drop in arterial blood gases in Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Tetralogy spell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a synthetic Dacron patch in Tetralogy of Fallot surgery?

    <p>To close the ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the narrowing of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract in Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Pulmonary stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of right ventricular hypertrophy in Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Thickening of the right ventricular wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loud murmur or blue lips and skin in Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of corrective repair of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>To increase pulmonary blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of beta blockers in managing mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>To lower blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the diagnostic test that uses X-rays to produce images of the chest?

    <p>Chest X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of diuretics in managing mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>To reduce sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the procedure that involves repairing or replacing the mitral valve?

    <p>Valve repair and replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is myocarditis?

    <p>An inflammation of the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of aspirin in managing mitral valve prolapse?

    <p>Antithrombotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of attachment for the organisms involved in GABHS infection?

    <p>Epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of an incubation period in GABHS infection?

    <p>2-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inflammation of the pericardium, myocardium, or endocardium?

    <p>Carditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of subcutaneous nodules?

    <p>They are non-tender and firm to touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a neurological disorder characterized by spasmodic involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles?

    <p>Chorea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of erythema marginatum?

    <p>It is a temporary skin lesion that comes and goes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for joint pain affecting five or more joints?

    <p>Polyarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of molecular mimicry in GABHS infection?

    <p>It causes an immune response against human proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fetal Circulation

    • Before birth, the fetus receives oxygenated blood from the mother's placenta
    • The oxygenated blood flows through the umbilical vein to the heart, where it bypasses the lungs and goes directly to the body

    Fetal Circulation Right After Birth

    • After birth, the infant's lungs expand and begin to breathe in oxygen
    • The bypasses that were present in the fetal circulation now close, and the lungs take over the oxygenation of blood

    Causes of Congenital Heart Diseases

    • Chromosomal/genetic: 10%-12% (e.g., Down syndrome)
    • Maternal or environmental: 1%-2% (e.g., maternal alcohol consumption, maternal illness)
    • Infections: CMV, toxoplasmosis, other viral illnesses
    • Infants of Diabetic Mothers (IDMs): 10% risk of CHD (e.g., VSD, cardiomyopathy, TGA)
    • Multifactorial: 85%

    Etiology of Congenital Heart Disease

    • Lesions: obstructive, acyanotic, and cyanotic
    • Obstructive lesions: Coarctation of aorta, pulmonary stenosis
    • Acyanotic lesions: Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus
    • Cyanotic lesions: Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great arteries, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return

    Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow Defects

    • Abnormal connection between two sides of the heart
    • Increased blood volume on the right side of the heart
    • Increased pulmonary blood flow: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect
    • Diagnostic tests: echocardiogram, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, cardiac catheterization

    Management of Congenital Heart Diseases

    • Watchful waiting
    • Medications: indomethacin to close PDA soon after birth
    • Surgical closure: PDA surgery is done on the blood vessel, not the heart

    Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

    • A hole between the two ventricles
    • Oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle flows into the right ventricle
    • Creates a heart murmur
    • Treatment: depends on the size, location, and severity of the VSD

    Tetralogy of Fallot

    • Four defects: VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy
    • Signs and symptoms: loud murmur, cyanosis, rapid breathing, sudden drop in arterial blood gases
    • Treatment: prostaglandin infusion, surgery (corrective repair of tetralogy of Fallot)

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Chest X-ray
    • Electrocardiogram
    • Stress test
    • Coronary angiogram

    Management of Heart Disease

    • Medications: beta blockers, diuretics, heart rhythm medication, aspirin
    • Surgery: valve repair and replacement, minimally invasive surgery

    Myocarditis

    • Inflammation of the heart muscle
    • Causes: GABHS infection, molecular mimicry, streptococcal antigens, decrease in regulatory T-cells
    • Signs and symptoms: rapid or abnormal heart rhythms, fever, malaise, headache, elevated leukocyte count

    Rheumatic Fever

    • Causes: GABHS infection, molecular mimicry
    • Signs and symptoms: carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum

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