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Questions and Answers
Inadequate oxygen or inadequate nutrients to an organ may cause which of the following conditions?
An example of someone working out with weights to increase the mass of their skeletal muscles is known as:
What is the change of one adult cell type to another known as?
Which of these structures or substances in the skin helps prevent UV radiation from damaging deep structures of the skin?
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The most deadly skin cancer is:
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The cause of eczema is:
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Water is forced out through capillary walls by:
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The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of blood is indicated by the:
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Parasitic infections can be controlled by which of these WBCs?
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Myocardial infarctions result from:
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If lower chest pain follows a meal and increases when the patient bends over, it is generally due to:
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The term for an abnormal heartbeat is:
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The volume of blood pumped each minute is referred to as:
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The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the:
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_____ is caused by a blocked artery in the lungs and is frequently the result of immobility.
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Which of the following is NOT a form of pneumonoconiosis?
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The alveolar cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant are the _____.
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When taking a urine sample from a patient for testing, you notice it is cloudy. This could indicate:
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What are the two ways substances are removed from the blood and added to the forming urine?
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Which process of urine formation decreases when blood pressure decreases and increases when blood pressure increases?
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You will instruct your patients who are at risk for cirrhosis of the liver that they can reduce the risk by:
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A young woman had her pituitary gland removed. She may now experience:
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Which hormone increases blood sugar?
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The hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones is:
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In _____, too much adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced.
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Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus (DM) is NOT correct?
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What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
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How does chronic renal failure directly contribute to anemia?
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Pulse oximetry measures O2 within the blood. Low levels of O2 would have signs of:
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The most probable cause of this patient’s edema is due to:
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The most common complication of this condition is:
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If you were to palpate the abdominal aorta, the best place to palpate it would be:
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Regarding benign breast masses, which one is not correct?
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Study Notes
Inadequate Oxygen and Nutrients
- Inadequate oxygen or nutrients to an organ may cause pathological atrophy
- Physiological hypertrophy occurs when an organ grows in response to increased demands, such as skeletal muscles growing in response to exercise
Cell Changes
- Metaplasia is the change of one adult cell type to another
- Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
- Dysplasia is abnormal cell growth or development
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death
Skin
- Melanin helps prevent UV radiation from damaging deep structures of the skin
- Melanoma is the most deadly skin cancer
- Eczema is a skin condition that can be caused by allergies, and its exact cause is not fully understood
Blood and Circulation
- High blood pressure can force water out of capillary walls, leading to edema
- The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of blood is known as the hematocrit
- Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that helps control parasitic infections
- Myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) result from obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle
Heart and Lungs
- Dysrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat
- Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute
- Residual volume is the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration
- Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of an artery in the lungs, often caused by immobility
Kidneys and Urine
- Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption are the two ways substances are removed from the blood and added to the forming urine
- Glomerular filtration decreases when blood pressure decreases and increases when blood pressure increases
Hormones and Glands
- Cortisol increases blood sugar levels
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands to release hormones
- Cushing's syndrome is a condition where too much ACTH is produced
Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body produces too much or too little insulin
- Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II diabetes
- Diabetic neuropathy is a common long-term effect of diabetes
- Acromegaly is a condition where too much growth hormone is produced
Blood and Oxygen
- Pulse oximetry measures oxygen levels in the blood
- Low oxygen levels can cause cyanosis, characterized by blue-tinged lips and fingers
Other Conditions
- Cirrhosis of the liver can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption
- Chronic renal failure can contribute to anemia due to decreased production of erythropoietin
- Pulmonary oedema is caused by a blockage of an artery in the lungs
- A blocked vein can cause oedema due to fluid buildup
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