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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the main purpose of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the body?
What is the term for smaller polymers of many sugar units?
What is the primary function of minerals and vitamins in the body?
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Why do we need fats in our diet?
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What is the term for compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
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What is the primary function of water in the body?
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What type of carbohydrate contains many joined sugar units?
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Which structure separates the oral cavity from the oropharynx?
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What is the function of the salivary glands?
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Which salivary gland lies outside the oral cavity?
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What is the name of the arch that forms the boundary of the oral cavity?
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Which part of the tongue contains the vallate papilla?
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What is the name of the bony structure that supports the tongue?
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Which tonsil is located on the back of the tongue?
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What is the name of the passageway that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus?
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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What type of bond is formed between amino acids in a protein?
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Which of the following is an example of a complex saccharide?
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What is the name of the tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach?
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Which organ is responsible for producing bile that helps in fat digestion?
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What is the term for the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body?
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What type of macromolecule is composed of fatty acids and glycerol?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the alimentary canal?
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What is the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces in the mouth?
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What is the primary function of the small intestine?
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What is the process of moving food through the alimentary tract?
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What is the function of the esophagus?
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What is the end product of the digestive process?
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What is the process of alternating contractions and relaxations of adjacent segments of the alimentary tract?
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What is the primary function of the large intestine?
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What is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules in the stomach?
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Which of the following nerve plexuses is located in the submucosa?
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What is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal?
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Which layer of the alimentary canal contains the muscularis mucosae?
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What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus?
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Which of the following is NOT a layer of the alimentary canal?
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What is the location of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue?
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What is the term for the layer of epithelium that lines the outer surface of the alimentary canal?
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What is the function of the glands in the submucosa?
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Which arch forms the boundary of the oral cavity?
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What is the name of the tonsil located on the back of the tongue?
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What is the name of the bony structure that supports the tongue?
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Which salivary gland lies outside the oral cavity?
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What is the name of the passageway that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus?
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What is the function of the epiglottis?
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What is the name of the papilla located on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
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What is the function of the palatine tonsil?
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What is the name of the structure that separates the oral cavity from the oropharynx?
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What is the function of the salivary glands?
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Study Notes
Saccharides
- Carbohydrates (saccharides/sugars) are compounds of C, H, O
- Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose) are single sugars and building blocks of complex saccharides
- Disaccharides (e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose) are double sugars
- Polysaccharides (e.g. starch, cellulose, glycogen) contain many joined sugar units
- Oligosaccharides (e.g. fructose chains, glycoprotein cell markers) are smaller polymers of many sugar units
Proteins
- Proteins are compounds of C, H, O, N (and sometimes S) and are also called polypeptides (polymers)
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins (monomers)
- Dipeptides are double units of amino acids
- Peptide bonds join amino acids together
Fats (Lipids)
- Fats (lipids) are compounds of C, H, O, and sometimes P
- Complex lipids (e.g. triglycerides) are made up of fatty acids and glycerols
Digestive System
- The digestive system consists of two groups of organs: the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract) and accessory digestive organs
- The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
- Accessory digestive organs include teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
Digestion and Absorption
- Ingestion involves mechanical breakdown through chewing and propulsion through swallowing
- Digestion involves chemical breakdown through enzymes and acid in the stomach and small intestine
- Absorption occurs in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
Anatomy of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx
- The oral cavity (mouth) consists of the palate, tongue, and tonsils
- The palate consists of the hard palate and soft palate, separated by the palatoglossal arch
- The tongue has papillae (e.g. fungiform, filiform, vallate, and foliate) and a dorsal surface
Salivary Glands
- Salivary glands produce most saliva and lie outside the oral cavity
- There are three main salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
Nutrition and Digestion
- Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy for daily activities, build structures, and maintain cellular reactions.
- Water and minerals are essential for hydration, osmoregulation, and organ function.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O).
- Polysaccharides contain many joined sugar units (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
- Oligosaccharides are smaller polymers of many sugar units (e.g., fructose chains, glycoprotein cell markers).
- Disaccharides consist of two sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Digestive System
- The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and large intestine.
- The mouth contains salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) that produce saliva.
- The pharynx is a common passage for food and air.
Digestive Processes
- Six essential activities occur in the digestive system: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
Gastrointestinal Tract
- The gastrointestinal tract has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
- Intrinsic nerve plexuses (myenteric and submucosal) control gut function.
- Glands in the submucosa produce mucus and enzymes.
Oral Cavity
- The oral cavity contains the tongue, palate, and salivary glands.
- The tongue has papillae (fungiform, foliate, vallate) that contain taste buds.
- The oral cavity and pharynx have a common passage for food and air.
Salivary Glands
- Salivary glands produce most saliva and lie outside the oral cavity.
- There are three main salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
- Salivary glands produce saliva that contains enzymes for digestion.
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Description
Learn about the different types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, as well as the basics of proteins. Test your knowledge on these important biomolecules.
