MCQ Bio

Cell Biology & Molecular Biology

• Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production.
• Ribosomes' primary function is protein synthesis.
• Proteins primarily catalyze biochemical reactions.
• DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
• Mitochondria are not a component of the endomembrane system.
• Peptide bonds connect amino acids in proteins.
• mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
• tRNA carries amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
• Helicase unwinds the DNA helix during replication.
• The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins.

Genetics

• Alleles are different forms of a gene.
• In a heterozygous individual, the dominant allele is expressed.
• Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21.
• The probability of two heterozygous parents (Aa) having a homozygous recessive child (aa) is 25%.
• Crossing over increases genetic diversity during meiosis.
• A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
• A nonsense mutation results in a premature stop codon.
• Nondisjunction during meiosis results in aneuploidy.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies DNA sequences.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences.

Human Anatomy & Physiology

• The cerebellum regulates balance and coordination.
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
• Cardiac muscle tissue is involuntary and striated.
• Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
• The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system.
• Insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
• The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in the alveoli.
• Dendrites receive incoming signals in a neuron.
• The skin is the largest organ in the human body.
• The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Microbiology & Immunology

• Bacteria are responsible for tuberculosis.
• Influenza is a viral disease.
• Skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense in the immune system.
• B-cells are primarily responsible for producing antibodies.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.
• Vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies.
• Macrophages engulf pathogens.
• Protozoa cause malaria.
• Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium.
• An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response.

Ecology & Evolution

• Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more offspring.
• Flippers of a dolphin and arms of a human are homologous structures.
• The founder effect is an example of genetic drift.
• Biodiversity describes the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat.
• An organism's niche is its role in its environment.
• Disease is a density-dependent factor affecting population growth.
• Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit.
• The tundra biome is characterized by low temperatures and permafrost.
• Plants are typically the primary producers in an ecosystem.
• Carbon dioxide is most associated with the greenhouse effect.

Anatomy and Physiology

• The vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton.
• Hemoglobin is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen.
• Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal medulla.
• The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the right atrium.
• The cerebrum controls voluntary muscle movements.
• The lobule is the functional unit of the liver.
• Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.
• The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water.
• The shoulder contains a ball and socket joint.
• The sinoatrial (SA) node is the primary pacemaker of the heart.

Human Physiology

• Regulation of body temperature occurs in the hypothalamus.
• Gas exchange is the primary function of alveoli in the lungs.
• Glucagon is produced by the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels.
• The neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
• Platelets are primarily responsible for clotting.
• Filtration in the kidneys occurs in the glomerulus.
• Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption.
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain.
• The liver detoxifies harmful substances.
• The small intestine's primary function is nutrient absorption.

Microbiology & Immunology (cont.)

• Artificial active immunity is acquired through vaccination.
• Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium.
• A virus causes AIDS.
• T-cells are primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
• Malaria is caused by a protozoan.
• Skin is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.
• Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs a particle to form an internal compartment.
• Viruses cannot reproduce independently.
• Athlete's foot is a fungal disease.
• B-cells produce antibodies.

Molecular Biology & Genetics

• Transcription is the process of copying DNA into RNA.
• Adenine is a purine base found in DNA.
• The presence of the Y chromosome determines sex in humans.
• Helicase unwinds the DNA helix during replication.
• A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
• tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
• The phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism.
• Blood type AB is an example of a codominant trait.
• Crossing over involves exchanging segments of DNA between homologous chromosomes.
• DNA has a double-stranded helix structure.

Cell Biology

• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
• The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm.
• Chloroplasts are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
• Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf large particles.
• The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.
• Microtubules are involved in cell division.
• Cytosol is the semi-fluid substance inside the cell membrane.
• Protein synthesis is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Ecology

• A grasshopper is a primary consumer in a food chain.
• An increase in carbon dioxide primarily causes the greenhouse effect.
• Permafrost characterizes the tundra biome.
• A decomposer breaks down dead organic matter.
• Bees pollinating flowers exemplify mutualism.
• Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an environment can support.
• Nitrogen is most abundant in Earth's atmosphere.
• Excessive nutrients primarily cause eutrophication of water bodies.
• Coal is a non-renewable resource.
• Phytoplankton are the primary producers in an aquatic ecosystem.

Evolution & Genetics

• Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection.
• The appendix is an example of a vestigial structure in humans.
• Gene flow refers to the movement of alleles between populations.
• Homeostasis is not a mechanism of evolution.
• The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes genetic stability in a population.
• Speciation that occurs without geographic isolation is called sympatric speciation.
• Genetic drift is best described as random changes in allele frequencies.
• Analogous structures indicate convergent evolution.
• The founder effect is a type of genetic drift.
• DNA is considered the universal genetic material.

Biochemistry

• Sucrose is a disaccharide.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors.
• The primary structure of a protein refers to its sequence of amino acids.
• Enzymes act as biological catalysts.
• Catalysis is not a function of lipids.
• DNA contains thymine.
• Transcription is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from DNA.
• ATP is classified as a nucleotide.
• Adenine is a purine base.

Human Physiology

• The pancreas produces the hormone insulin.
• The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
• The cerebellum regulates balance and coordination.
• The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen.
• The liver produces bile.
• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body.
• The diaphragm is a muscle that aids in respiration.
• The liver detoxifies harmful substances.
• The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart.
• Melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle.