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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate amount of calcium required for fetal skeletal mineralization?
What is the approximate amount of calcium required for fetal skeletal mineralization?
What happens to maternal calcium absorption during pregnancy?
What happens to maternal calcium absorption during pregnancy?
What is a characteristic feature of the musculoskeletal system during normal pregnancy?
What is a characteristic feature of the musculoskeletal system during normal pregnancy?
What is a possible complication of symphyseal separation greater than 1 cm during pregnancy?
What is a possible complication of symphyseal separation greater than 1 cm during pregnancy?
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What happens to bone turnover markers during pregnancy?
What happens to bone turnover markers during pregnancy?
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Why is prevention of maternal osteoporosis during pregnancy difficult?
Why is prevention of maternal osteoporosis during pregnancy difficult?
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During which period of pregnancy do joints such as sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, and pubic joints have increased mobility?
During which period of pregnancy do joints such as sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, and pubic joints have increased mobility?
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When is relaxation of the pelvic joints most pronounced during pregnancy?
When is relaxation of the pelvic joints most pronounced during pregnancy?
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What is a characteristic of the histology of leiomyomas?
What is a characteristic of the histology of leiomyomas?
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What is a feature of leiomyoma development?
What is a feature of leiomyoma development?
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What is a characteristic of leiomyoma cells compared to normal myometrial cells?
What is a characteristic of leiomyoma cells compared to normal myometrial cells?
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What is a consequence of leiomyomas' abundant and well-organized blood supply?
What is a consequence of leiomyomas' abundant and well-organized blood supply?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of leiomyoma cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of leiomyoma cells?
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What is unknown about leiomyoma risk factors?
What is unknown about leiomyoma risk factors?
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What is a characteristic of postpartum depression?
What is a characteristic of postpartum depression?
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What is the increased risk of mortality for women who do not receive prenatal care?
What is the increased risk of mortality for women who do not receive prenatal care?
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Which of the following is more common when women do not obtain prenatal care?
Which of the following is more common when women do not obtain prenatal care?
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Which laboratory test should not be offered as part of a routine low-risk woman's first prenatal visit?
Which laboratory test should not be offered as part of a routine low-risk woman's first prenatal visit?
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What is the recommended total weight gain for a 29-year-old G2P1 at 8 weeks' gestation with a body mass index of 27.1 kg/m2?
What is the recommended total weight gain for a 29-year-old G2P1 at 8 weeks' gestation with a body mass index of 27.1 kg/m2?
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For an obese woman, the risk of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery is lowest with what amount of gestational weight gain?
For an obese woman, the risk of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery is lowest with what amount of gestational weight gain?
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What is the result of severe undernutrition during pregnancy?
What is the result of severe undernutrition during pregnancy?
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How much elemental iron should be given as a supplement daily to a pregnant woman?
How much elemental iron should be given as a supplement daily to a pregnant woman?
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Study Notes
Antidiuretic Hormone and Pituitary Gland
- Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland.
- Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.
Thyroid Gland During Pregnancy
- The highest concentration of maternal free T4 is early in gestation.
- Maternal concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone reaches a plateau by the mid-second trimester.
- Fetal concentration of thyroxine-binding globulin increases throughout pregnancy.
Fetal and Maternal Skeletal Metabolism
- Fetal skeletal mineralization requires approximately 30 grams of calcium.
- Greater maternal calcium absorption occurs and is mediated by elevated maternal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations.
- Prevention of possible pregnancy-related maternal osteoporosis is difficult.
Musculoskeletal System
- Most relaxation takes place during the second half of pregnancy.
- Symphyseal separation greater than 1 cm may cause significant pain.
- Progressive lordosis is a characteristic feature of normal pregnancy.
- Sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, and pubic joints have increased mobility during pregnancy.
Pregnancy-Related Memory Decline
- Pregnancy-related memory decline is limited to the first trimester.
Sleep Patterns in Pregnancy
- Difficulty in sleep patterns in pregnancy begins as early as 6 weeks’ gestation.
- Sleep difficulties last up to 8 weeks postpartum.
Prenatal Care and Mortality
- Women who do not receive prenatal care have a fourfold risk of mortality compared to women who do.
- Women who do not receive prenatal care are more likely to experience stillbirth, preterm birth, and neonatal death.
Laboratory Tests for Pregnancy
- Thyroid function testing is not recommended for routine low-risk women with no complaints.
- Hepatitis B testing, chlamydia screening, and blood type and screen are recommended for routine low-risk women.
Weight Gain During Pregnancy
- A woman with a body mass index of 27.1 kg/m2 should aim to gain 4-7 kg during pregnancy.
- For an obese woman, the risk of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery is lowest with a weight gain of 5-9 kg.
Undernutrition During Pregnancy
- Severe undernutrition during pregnancy can result in preterm birth, perinatal mortality, and small-for-gestational-age infants.
Iron Supplementation
- Pregnant women should take at least 30 mg of elemental iron daily as a supplement.
Leiomyomas
- Leiomyomas possess a distinct autonomy from their surrounding myometrium.
- Leiomyomas do not have frequent necrosis and degeneration due to their abundant and well-organized blood supply.
- Leiomyoma cells have a higher level of cytochrome P450 aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogen.
- There is no known factor that decreases the risk for leiomyoma development.
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