Lesson 8

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Questions and Answers

What was the immediate aim of the Spartacist uprising in Berlin in January 1919?

  • To merge with other revolutionary groups in Germany.
  • To overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish a constitutional monarchy.
  • To pressure the government into socialist reforms.
  • To establish a Soviet Republic. (correct)

What action did the government take in response to the Spartacist uprising?

  • They crushed the uprising and brutally executed its leaders. (correct)
  • They moved to Weimar.
  • They negotiated a compromise with the Spartacists.
  • They ignored the uprising, hoping it would dissipate.

Why did the Weimar government move to Weimar?

  • To be closer to the army.
  • To establish a new political system.
  • To avoid violence and unrest in Berlin during the Spartacist uprising. (correct)
  • To seek support from other political parties.

What was the name given to the volunteer paramilitary units used by the Weimar government to put down uprisings?

<p>The Freikorps. (D)</p>
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What event immediately preceded the creation of the Soviet Republic in Bavaria in 1919?

<p>The collapse of the Bavarian monarchy. (A)</p>
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What political position did Kurt Eisner hold before his assassination?

<p>Leader of the USPD. (D)</p>
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What was a key characteristic of the Bavarian Soviet Republic established by Eugen Leviné?

<p>It set up a 'Red Army' of workers and proposed radical political and economic changes. (D)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the fate of the Bavarian Soviet Republic?

<p>It was crushed by the Freikorps, marking a shift to the right in Bavaria. (A)</p>
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What motivated the formation of the Ruhr Army in 1919?

<p>To resist the right-wing attack on the Weimar Republic following the Kapp Putsch. (C)</p>
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What was the primary composition of the Ruhr Army?

<p>A force of approximately 50,000 workers. (D)</p>
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Which of the following factors contributed to the split within the Ruhr Army?

<p>Government concessions that satisfied some but not all members. (B)</p>
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How did the Weimar government suppress the Ruhr uprising?

<p>By deploying the Reichswehr and Freikorps to crush the uprising. (B)</p>
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What was the main goal of the Kapp Putsch in March 1920?

<p>To restore the monarchy and overthrow the Weimar Republic. (B)</p>
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What was the immediate trigger for the 'German October' crisis in 1923?

<p>Left-wing revolutionary actions in central Germany. (B)</p>
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In what regions did the KPD and SPD form coalitions in 1923?

<p>Saxony and Thuringia. (A)</p>
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What actions did the communists take in Saxony and Thuringia that alarmed the Weimar government?

<p>They made military preparations for an uprising. (C)</p>
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How did Gustav Stresemann, as Chancellor, respond to the situation in Saxony and Thuringia during the 'German October'?

<p>He acted rapidly to foil the plan for a 'German October' revolution. (D)</p>
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What was the ultimate outcome of the 'German October' crisis in 1923?

<p>The army crushed the regional governments and re-established control without communists. (D)</p>
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What was the overall impact of the uprisings and rebellions between 1919 and 1923 on the Weimar Republic?

<p>They significantly destabilized the Weimar Republic, highlighting its fragility and vulnerability. (D)</p>
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How did the actions of the army during the uprisings impact the Weimar Republic?

<p>They sometimes acted independently, undermining the authority of the government and contributing to instability. (D)</p>
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Flashcards

Spartacist Rising (1919)

An armed uprising in Berlin in January 1919 aiming to establish a Soviet Republic.

Actions of Spartacists

They denounced Ebert's government and occupied buildings.

Revolutionary Committee

Revolutionary committee formed during Spartacist rising.

Spartacist Leaders

Luxemburg and Liebknecht.

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Weimar

City to which the government moved to avoid violence during the Spartacist rising.

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Freikorps

Employed to put down the Spartacist Rising.

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Kurt Eisner's Role

After the collapse of the Bavarian monarchy the USPD leader Kurt Eisner took the political lead.

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Eisner's Goal

An attempt to unite socialist parties.

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Eisner's Assassination Date

February 21, 1919.

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Bavarian Soviet Republic

Established in Bavaria after Eisner's assassination.

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Eugen Levine

Leader who set up workers army in Bavaria.

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Levine's proposals

Included economical changes.

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Ruhr Army

Workers army to resist the pro-putsch army the Freikorps

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Radical goal

Many wanted to set up a Soviet republic

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Government's Response

Government promised concessions to workers to end the revolt.

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Army's Role

The army's obedience in suppressing uprisings.

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KPD and SPD Coalitions

Coalitions in regional governments of Saxony and Thuringia.

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Stresmann

Gustav Stresmann's response to the planned German October revolution.

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Suppression of German October

Army crushed the units and regional governments.

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Recreated governments

Units were recreated without communists.

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Study Notes

Spartacist Rising 1919

  • In January 1919, the Spartacists decided to launch an armed uprising in Berlin.
  • The aim was to establish a Soviet Republic.
  • They occupied buildings and called for a general strike.
  • A revolutionary committee was formed.
  • They denounced Ebert's government.
  • This led to 3 days of "savage street fighting".
  • The Spartacists coup was easily defeated, and Liebnecht and Luxemburg were brutally executed.
  • To avoid violence, the government moved to Weimar.
  • The Freikorps were employed to put down the rising.

Creation of a Soviet Republic in Bavaria 1919

  • After the collapse of the Bavarian monarchy, the USPD leader Kurt Eisner took the political lead.
  • He struggled to unite the socialist parties to implement reforms.
  • Eisner ended up assassinated on February 21, 1919, leading to mass confusion.
  • A Bavarian Soviet republic with a "Red Army" of workers was set up by Engen Levine.
  • Radical political and economical changes were proposed.
  • The Freikorps crushed the republic, marking a shift from "left to right" in Bavaria.

Formation of the Ruhr Army

  • In reaction to the Kapp Putsch, communists formed the Ruhr Army of 50,000 workers to resist the pro-putsch army the Freikorps.
  • They seized control of the Ruhr in another revolutionary wave, the largest working-class revolt of 1919-1923.
  • Some wanted to set up a Soviet republic with workers' militia but ended up split.
  • Split due to government concessions
  • The Army obeyed Ebert and crushed the uprising with the Freikorps who had been involved in the Kapp Putsch.
  • Over 1000 workers and 250 police/soldiers were killed.

German October 1923

  • During the crisis of 1923 in Weimar, left-wing revolutionary actions came to a head in Central Germany.
  • The KPD and SPD had formed coalitions in the regional governments of Saxony and Thuringia.
  • The communists moved further and made military preparations for an uprising.
  • In response, Gustav Stesmannsgov acted rapidly to foil the plan for this "German October revolution."
  • The Army crushed the units, and the regional governments were recreated without communists.

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