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Questions and Answers

What is a result of deskilling labor?

  • Shifting control over labor process from workers to management (correct)
  • Higher quality of work
  • Improved worker job satisfaction
  • Increased worker resistance

    • What is the term for the process of breaking down jobs into simple tasks?

  • Routinization
  • Scientific Management
  • Labor Process Theory
  • Job Fragmentation (correct)

    • What is a limitation of the McDonaldization approach?

  • Poor quality of work (correct)
  • Higher span of control
  • Increased worker motivation
  • Lower monitoring costs

    • Who introduced the concept of labor process theory?

    <p>Harry Braverman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of deskilling labor?

    <p>Worker alienation from work and the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of labor process control?

    <p>Maintenance of control by management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who studied teams in an electronics organization?

    <p>Graham Sewell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of deskilled labor?

    <p>Requires minimal training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between each team member and the owner of the firm?

    <p>A 'quid pro quo' contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are long-term contracts not essential attributes of the firm?

    <p>Because the employee can terminate the contract at any time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for the emergence of the firm?

    <p>The possibility to increase productivity through team-oriented production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the classical capitalist firm?

    <p>One party who is common to all the contracts of the joint inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it more difficult to restrict shirking through simple market exchange between cooperating inputs?

    <p>Because it is costly to directly measure the marginal outputs of cooperating inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the party who is common to all the contracts of the joint inputs?

    <p>To hold the residual claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the contractual organization of inputs?

    <p>Joint input production and several input owners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'quid pro quo' contract in the context of the firm?

    <p>It implies a mutual agreement between parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ouchi, what happens once employees internalize cultural norms and expectations?

    <p>They are controlled by the culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Schein's theory, how do organizational cultures change?

    <p>When new values are introduced by top management, and absorbed into unconscious assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of clan control, according to Ouchi?

    <p>Managers take charge of cultural norms and expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Meyerson and Martin's views on organizational culture emphasize?

    <p>The fragmentation and inconsistency of organizational cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for cultural change to take hold, according to Schein?

    <p>Members of the culture must personally experience the benefits of proposed new values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used by Meyerson and Martin to describe a unified set of values and beliefs?

    <p>Unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do employees play in cultural change, according to Schein?

    <p>A controlling role, as cultural change requires their personal experience of new values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when managers control cultural norms and expectations in clan control?

    <p>Culture controls employees on behalf of the managers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the dominant culture in an organization?

    <p>Hegemonic culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of study deals with the concept of altruism?

    <p>Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reciprocal relationship between two parties?

    <p>Reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of human behavior in groups?

    <p>Sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the discipline that deals with the management of organizations?

    <p>Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that deals with the analysis of economic decisions?

    <p>Economics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that deals with the study of human behavior in organizations?

    <p>Organizational Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that deals with the trust between two parties?

    <p>Trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Scientific Management theory?

    <p>Breaking down jobs into simple tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Group Incentive mechanisms?

    <p>To promote teamwork and collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between labor and culture?

    <p>Labor is influenced by culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of labor process control mechanisms?

    <p>To improve labor productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Hawthorne approach?

    <p>Studying the impact of social factors on labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of individual monitoring in labor process control?

    <p>To improve labor productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of labor under Scientific Management?

    <p>Broken down into simple tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of participation and democracy in labor?

    <p>To empower employees and promote autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between power and labor?

    <p>Power is exercised over labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Best Partnership for control mechanism?

    <p>Promoting employee participation and democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Advantages of Scientific Management

    • Efficiency and increased outputs
    • Lower monitoring costs
    • Higher span of control

    Limitations of Scientific Management

    • Human Relations school (Mayo) highlights hidden costs such as poor quality, breakdown, boredom, and absenteeism
    • Sources of resistance (labour strike, mistrust between management and union)
    • Deskilling (Braverman, Noon and Blyton) through job fragmentation and routinization

    Deskilling

    • Introduced by American sociologist Harry Braverman as part of labor process theory
    • Owners of the means of production control work by systematically deskilling labor
    • Deskilling leads to workers being easily replaceable and erodes their power base
    • Allows owners to drive down the price of labor to enhance profits, but exploits and degrades workers

    Labor Process Control

    • Illustrated by Graham Sewell in his study of teams in an electronics organization
    • Control is maintained through electronic quality tests at various stages of an assembly process

    Firm and Efficiency

    • Two necessary conditions for the emergence of the firm:
      • Increasing productivity through team-oriented production
      • Economical estimation of marginal productivity by observing or specifying input behavior

    Corporate Culture

    • Ouchi's concept of clan control: managers take charge of cultural norms and expectations
    • Schein's theory: organizational cultures change when new values are introduced by top management and absorbed into unconscious assumptions
    • Members of the culture must personally experience the benefits of proposed new values for cultural change to take hold

    Organizational Culture

    • Some researchers focus on the inconsistencies and flux in organizational cultures
    • Meyerson and Martin's image of organizational culture as fragmentation

    Motivational Theory and Control Mechanisms

    • Scientific Management and Hawthorne experiments
    • Control mechanisms: individual monitoring, group incentive, participation, and partnership

    Participation and Democracy

    • Chapter 8 focuses on participation and democracy in organizations
    • Power and incentive structures in organizations

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