Respiratory System
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Respiratory System

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To maintain proper hydration levels
  • To transport oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body (correct)
  • To produce vocal sounds through phonation

    • What is the location of the nasal turbinates?

  • In the pharynx
  • In the oral cavity
  • In the external nose
  • In the internal nose (correct)

    • What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

  • To produce mucus
  • To smell odors
  • To regulate air pressure (correct)
  • To warm and humidify air

    • What is the purpose of the Eustachian tubes?

    <p>To connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pharyngeal tonsils?

    <p>To detect pathogens and aid in the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the opening of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Naris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tonsils in the oropharynx?

    <p>To detect pathogens from food and air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the unpaired cartilage that separates the trachea from the esophagus?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vocal fold that produces sound?

    <p>True vocal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cartilaginous bridge that divides the trachea into two bronchial trees?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the trachea, larynx, and paranasal sinuses?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>To produce mucin to trap foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the nerve that innervates the vocal fold?

    <p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that covers the inside of the pleural cavities?

    <p>Pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cells that secrete surfactant in the alveoli?

    <p>Type II Pneumocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>It contracts and moves downwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the nasal turbinate's structures?

    <p>In the ethmoid bone and inferior fascial bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

    <p>To transport tears from the medial aspect of the orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inferior nasal meatus located below?

    <p>The inferior nasal conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone has ethmoid air cells?

    <p>Ethmoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do tears exit through after they have drained from the medial orbit to the nasolacrimal duct?

    <p>Into the inferior nasal meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gases fill the alveoli?

    <p>Atmospheric gases including oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs across the walls of the alveoli?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the diffusion of gases in the alveoli?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the diffusion of gases occur in the respiratory system?

    <p>In the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange occur in the human body?

    <p>In the lungs and In the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cervical vertebrae do the larynx sit between?

    <p>C4-C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their descriptions:

    <p>Epiglottis = Keeps food you swallow out of the esophagus. Thyroid Cartilage = Largest Cartilage Laryngeal prominence = Adam's apple in men Cricoid Cartilage = Landmark inferior most portion of larynx, below which is trachea with uniform rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following 3 paired cartilages in the larynx with their descriptions:

    <h1>Arytenoid cartilages = Triangular shaped cartilages, close to each other, sitting on top of the cricoid cartilage. Corniculate cartilages = Sit above the arytenoid cartilage. Cuneiform cartilages = Embedded in soft tissue.</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    The vocal _______________, also known as vocal cords, produce sound and span between the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly.

    <p>folds or cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vestibular fold, also known as the false vocal cords?

    <p>Keeps food and drinks out of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cervical vertebrae does the Trachea sit in?

    <p>C5-C6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea branches and ends at ____, than divides into ____bronchial trees.

    <p>T5, two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of trachea histology with their descriptions:

    <p>Mucosa = Has respiratory epithelium with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and goblet cells Lamina propria = Loose connective tissue that attaches respiratory epithelium to submucosa Submucosa = Contains seromucous glands that produce watery fluid and mucin Hyaline cartilage = Contains 16-20 C-shaped cartilages to keep the tracheal lumen open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of serous glands and mucus glands in the respiratory system?

    <p>To produce mucus that traps foreign particles and watery fluid to humidify and moisten air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea?

    <p>To provide structural support and allow for esophageal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of the bronchial tree with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary/Main Bronchi = 2 in number Secondary/Lobar Bronchi = 3 on the right and 2 on the left Tertiary (third division)/Segmental = 10 on the right and 10 on the left Bronchioles = Cartilage rings disappear Terminal Bronchioles = lead to the respiratory bronchiles Respiratory Bronchioles = One per lobule Alveolar Ducts = have alveolus in which gas exchange occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Type I cells or Type I Pneumocyte in the alveoli?

    <p>a, b, c are true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Type II cells or Type II Pneumocyte in the respiratory system?

    <p>To secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type I Pneumocyte have a high ______, while Type II Pneumocyte secrete surfactant to help ____ surface tension.

    <p>surface tension, decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to the lungs with their descriptions:

    <p>Pleura = Serous membrane that covers the inside of the pleura cavities Parietal pleura = Inner layer of pleura that covers the lungs Visceral pleura = Outer layer of pleura that lines the chest cavity Apex = Uppermost part of the lung that projects above Rib 1 Base = Lower part of the lung that sits on the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the surfaces of the lungs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Functions

    • Divided into Upper Respiratory System (face and neck) and Lower Respiratory System (lower neck and thoracic cavity)
    • Transports oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body
    • Exchanges occur in the lungs between RBC in capillaries and lung alveoli, and in the body between RBC in capillaries and body cells
    • Helps maintain proper acid-base balance of blood by exhaling CO2, reducing carbonic acid in the blood
    • Produces vocal sounds through phonation

    Upper Respiratory System

    • External Nose
      • Consists of root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex, ala, and external nares (openings)
    • Internal Nose
      • Consists of vestibule, nasal turbinate (superior, middle, inferior), nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior), and paranasal sinuses
      • Nasolacrimal duct connects to the nasal cavity
    • Mouth and Pharynx
      • Oral cavity and pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) separated by soft palate
      • Tonsils (lingual, palatine) function to detect pathogens from food and air

    Larynx and Trachea

    • Larynx
      • Consists of 9 cartilages (3 paired, 3 unpaired)
      • Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage are the 3 unpaired cartilages
      • Paired cartilages include arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
      • Vocal folds (vocal cords) produce sound, innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve
      • Vestibular fold/ligament (false vocal cords) keeps food and drinks out of the airways
    • Trachea
      • Located from C6 to T5, dividing into two bronchial trees at T5
      • Carina is a cartilaginous bridge that divides into the two bronchial trees

    Trachea Histology

    • Mucosa
      • Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells)
      • Goblet cells not stained, but important for mucous production
    • Lamina propria
      • Loose connective tissue that attaches respiratory epithelium to submucosa
    • Submucosa
      • Contains seromucous glands (serous glands and mucus glands with goblet cells)
    • Hyaline cartilage
      • 16-20 C-shaped rings that suspend the airway open
      • Not full rings to avoid interfering with esophagus function

    Bronchial Tree

    • Primary/Main Bronchi (2)
    • Secondary/Lobar Bronchi (3 on the right, 2 on the left)
    • Tertiary/Segmental Bronchi (10 on the right, 10 on the left)
    • Bronchioles (cartilage rings disappear)
    • Terminal Bronchioles
    • Respiratory Bronchioles (one per lobule)
    • Alveolar Ducts
    • Alveoli (Alveoli) – Gas exchange

    Alveoli

    • Type I cells (Type I Pneumocyte)
      • Simple squamous epithelium for efficient gas diffusion
      • Many capillaries wrap around the alveolus for gas exchange
    • Type II cells (Type II Pneumocyte)
      • Secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse
      • Allow for easy breathing in and out

    Lungs

    • Pleura – serous membrane that covers inside of the pleura cavities
    • Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura
    • Apex projects above Rib 1
    • Base sits on diaphragm
    • Lungs expand and contract with diaphragm movement
    • Surfaces: posterior, costal, anterior, and medial
    • Lobes: Right Side (superior, middle, inferior), Left Side (superior, inferior)
    • Fissures: Horizontal fissure (between superior and middle lobes), Oblique fissure (between middle and inferior lobes)
    • Cardiac Notch – a cut on the left lung for the heart

    Nasal Cavity Structure

    • The vestibule is the anterior space where air enters after passing through the nares
    • Nasal turbinate bones, also known as nasal conchae, have three structures: • Superior nasal conchae: part of the ethmoid bone • Middle nasal conchae: part of the ethmoid bone • Inferior nasal conchae: part of the facial bone

    Nasal Meatuses

    • Nasal meatuses are tubular pathways created by nasal turbinate bones
    • Three types of nasal meatuses: • Superior nasal meatus: below superior conchae • Middle nasal meatus: below middle nasal conchae • Inferior nasal meatus: below inferior nasal conchae

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Four types of paranasal sinuses: • Maxillary sinuses: in maxillary bones • Ethmoid air cells: in ethmoid bones • Sphenoid sinuses: in sphenoid bone

    Nasolacrimal Duct

    • Transports tears from the medial aspect of the orbit to the nasal cavity
    • Located below the inferior nasal conchae
    • Drains into the inferior nasal meatus

    Respiratory System Functions

    • The respiratory system is divided into the upper respiratory system (face and neck) and the lower respiratory system (lower neck and thoracic cavity)
    • The main functions of the respiratory system are:
      • Transport of oxygen into the body
      • Transport of carbon dioxide out of the body
      • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at the lungs and the body
      • Help maintain proper acid-base balance of blood
      • Produce vocal sounds through phonation

    Upper Respiratory System

    • The external nose consists of:
      • Root bridge
      • Dorsum nasi
      • Apex
      • Ala
      • External nares (openings)
    • The internal nose consists of:
      • Vestibule
      • Nasal turbinate (aka nasal conchea)
      • Nasal meatuses
      • Paranasal sinuses
      • Nasolacrimal duct
    • The nasal turbinate creates tubular pathways called nasal meatuses
      • Superior nasal meatus
      • Middle nasal meatus
      • Inferior nasal meatus

    Pharynx

    • Divided into three parts:
      • Nasopharynx
      • Oropharynx
      • Laryngopharynx
    • Nasopharynx:
      • Receives from middle ear via Eustachian tubes
      • Contains pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
      • Function as part of immune system, detecting pathogens
    • Oropharynx:
      • Separated from nasopharynx by soft palate
      • Contains lingual tonsils and palatine tonsils
      • Tonsils function to detect pathogens from food and air

    Larynx

    • Location: C4-C6
    • Consists of 9 cartilages (3 paired and 3 unpaired)
      • Unpaired cartilages:
        • Epiglottis
        • Thyroid cartilage
        • Cricoid cartilage
      • Paired cartilages:
        • Arytenoid cartilages
        • Corniculate cartilages
        • Cuneiform cartilage
    • Vocal fold (vocal cord) produces sound
      • Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of Vagus nerve)
    • Vestibular fold (false vocal cords) keeps food and drinks out of the airways

    Trachea

    • Location: C6-T5
    • Divides into two bronchial trees at T5
    • Carina: a cartilaginous bridge that divides into two bronchial trees
    • Trachea histology:
      • Mucosa:
        • Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells)
        • Lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
      • Submucosa:
        • Contains seromucous glands
        • Hyaline cartilage (16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage to suspend airway open)

    Bronchial Tree

      1. Primary/main bronchi (2)
      1. Secondary/lobar bronchi (3 on the right, 2 on the left)
      1. Tertiary (third division)/segmental bronchi (10 on the right, 10 on the left)
      1. Bronchioles
      1. Terminal bronchioles
      1. Respiratory bronchioles
      1. Alveolar ducts
    • Alveolus (alveoli) - gas exchange

    Alveoli

    • Type I cells (Type I Pneumocyte):
      • Simple squamous epithelium
      • Many capillaries wrap around the alveolus
      • Gas exchange occurs here
    • Type II cells (Type II Pneumocyte):
      • Secrete surfactant
      • Decrease surface tension, allowing for easier breathing
      • Prevent the collapse of alveoli on exhalation

    Lungs

    • Pleura: serous membrane that covers the inside of the pleural cavities
      • Parietal pleura
      • Visceral pleura
    • Apex: projects above Rib 1
    • Base: sits on diaphragm
    • Diaphragm contracts and pulls the lungs down, expanding it and allowing for air to enter
    • Decreases pressure in lungs, allowing gas to enter

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