40 Questions
Why did Columbus return to Spain in 1500?
He was accused of tyranny, brutality, and incompetence.
What was the outcome of Columbus's fourth voyage?
He returned to Spain, but Isabella had died, and Ferdinand refused to meet him.
What was one of the special rights offered to settlers by Columbus?
The right to land and native labourers.
Who replaced Columbus as governor of Isabela?
Francisco de Bobadilla.
What was the outcome of Columbus's trial?
He was imprisoned for six weeks and lost his titles.
What was the significance of the revolt at Santo Domingo?
It led to Columbus's downfall and loss of control.
Why did Columbus hang some Spaniards and natives?
As a punishment for their role in the rebellion.
Who accused Columbus of tyranny, brutality, and incompetence?
The Spanish settlers.
What was the primary purpose of the encomienda system in the New World?
To force native populations into slavery
What role did Catholic missionaries play in the New World?
They were tasked with teaching natives about Christianity and converting them
What was the primary function of the governor in the New World?
To rule the new Spanish territories on behalf of the Spanish government
What was the significance of the Laws of Burgos in 1512?
They regulated the treatment of native populations by Spanish settlers
What was the outcome of the encomienda system in practice?
Native populations were turned into slaves
What was taught to native populations by Catholic missionaries?
Reading and writing, as well as Christianity
What was the purpose of the Laws of Burgos in regulating the treatment of native populations?
To protect native populations from exploitation and mistreatment
What was the role of Spanish officials in the New World?
They were in charge of punishing natives who broke the laws
Where did Columbus arrive first on his return to Europe?
Lisbon, Portugal
Which treaty resolved the dispute between Portugal and Spain over the New World?
Treaty of Tordesillas
Why did Portugal claim the right to rule the New World?
Based on the Treaty of Alcacovas of 1479
Who intervened to resolve the dispute between Portugal and Spain?
Pope Alexander VI
Where did Columbus assemble a fleet of ships in preparation for war with Portugal?
Southern Spain
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
The dispute between Portugal and Spain was resolved
What did Ferdinand and Isabella reject?
King John's claim to the New World
Where did Columbus accompany Ferdinand and Isabella in triumph?
Barcelona, Spain
What was the approximate number of men Cortes brought with him when he left Cuba?
600
What was the Aztec capital city, located in the centre of Lake Texcoco?
Tenochtitlan
What was the significant military advantage Cortes had over the native tribes?
Horses and artillery
Who became both Cortes's mistress and interpreter?
Malinche
What was the reason for Cortes's ability to meet and negotiate with the Aztecs?
Malinche's ability to communicate with the Aztecs
What was the result of Cortes's battle against the native tribes in the Tabasco River?
Cortes won the battle
What was the Aztec Empire's policy towards the rulers of the conquered cities?
They were allowed to remain in power if they paid tribute and supplied warriors
What was the approximate population of the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan?
300,000
What was the outcome of the ransom agreement between the Spanish and Atahuallpa?
The Spanish accused Atahuallpa of plotting against them and put him on trial.
Why did the Spanish install Manco as the new Inca emperor?
Because they saw him as a puppet king who would rule on their behalf.
What was the immediate result of Manco's escape from the Spanish?
He assembled an army and attacked the Spanish base at Cuzco.
What was the outcome of the siege of Cuzco?
The Spanish were able to put out the fires set by the Inca warriors and maintain control.
What was the ratio of Inca warriors to Spanish and native allies during the siege of Cuzco?
10 000 Inca warriors to 150 Spanish and native allies.
What was the reason for the Inca revolt against the Spanish?
The Spanish had executed Atahuallpa and installed Manco as a puppet king.
What was the method used by the Inca warriors to try to drive out the Spanish from Cuzco?
They set fire to buildings in the town to drive out the Spanish.
What was the charge brought against Atahuallpa by the Spanish?
Plotting against the Spanish.
Study Notes
Columbus and the Caribbean
- Columbus returned to Spain in 1493, arriving in Lisbon, Portugal, and then in Palos, Spain, where he was congratulated by Ferdinand and Isabella
- Portugal claimed the New World, citing the Treaty of Alcacovas of 1479, but Ferdinand and Isabella rejected this claim
- The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 resolved the dispute between Spain and Portugal
Columbus's Governance of the New World
- Columbus was unable to control the Spanish settlers in the New World, leading to conflict and rebellion
- He was criticized for his governance and accused of tyranny, brutality, and incompetence
- Francisco de Bobadilla was sent to replace Columbus as governor in 1500, and Columbus was returned to Spain in chains to face trial
The Laws of Burgos (1512)
- The Laws of Burgos were established to regulate the treatment of native populations in the New World
- Missionaries were used to convert natives to Christianity and teach them reading and writing
- The laws allowed Spanish officials to punish natives who broke the laws and regulated the native population's work hours
- The laws also maintained the encomienda system, which turned natives into de facto slaves
Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico
- Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519, claiming it for Spain, and proceeded to the Tabasco River, where he won a battle against the native tribes
- He was given 20 young native women, including Malinche, who became his mistress and interpreter
- Cortes was able to negotiate with the Aztecs and meet Montezuma, the ruler of the Aztec Empire
Pizarro's Conquest of Peru
- Pizarro executed Atahuallpa, the Inca ruler, in 1533, after he was accused of plotting against the Spanish
- Pizarro installed Manco, Atahuallpa's half-brother, on the throne, leading to the Inca revolt and the siege of Cuzco
- The Spanish saw Manco as a puppet king who would rule on their behalf
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