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Questions and Answers

What is consulting and giving advice

"You are consulting any time you are trying to change or improve the situation but have no direct control over the implementation... Peter Block, 1981

Goals of consulting according to Kubr - 2002

Helping organizations achieve their goals
Find solutions for management problems
Identify an exploit new opportunities
Enhance organizational learning
Change implementation

What are the consulting roles according to Schein - 1990

Expert
Doctor-patient
Process consultation

What are the 5 Forces of the porter model

1 Bargaining power of suppliers 2 Bargaining power of buyers 3 Threat of new entrants 4 Threat of substitute product/services 5 Rivarly among existing competitors Signup and view all the answers

Why do firms need strategy?

Competitive advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is the essens of strategy according to porter?

Performin activities differently then rivals do Signup and view all the answers

What does Jay Barney say about strategy?

That it is not only about doing it differently but also making sure that competitors are unable to duplicate the strategy. Signup and view all the answers

Wat are the different fields for differ for strategic management

1 Economics 2 Marketing 3 Management 4 Sociology Signup and view all the answers

What is strategy?

The path of reaching goals which contains multiple dimensions (process, content and context) Signup and view all the answers

How do you get a competitive advantage?

By diffrent tools & models to asses internal & external factors that shape the strategy, by being different and using VRIN resources Signup and view all the answers

Wat are the VRIN resources?

Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, non substitutable Signup and view all the answers

What are the similarities by strategic management?

strategic initiatives, internal organizations, managers & owners, resources, performance and enviroment Signup and view all the answers

What are the reasons of change?

<ul> <li>External or internal reason for change?</li> <li>Threat or opportunity?</li> <li>Current pain or future pain?</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is change according to harigopal, 2006

Deleberate activities that move organization away from it present state toward some desired future state to increase its effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of plannen organizational change?

<ul> <li>Adaptive change: reintroducing</li> <li>Innovative change: introducting a new practice to the organization</li> <li>Raddically innovative change: introducing a practice new to the industry</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of Kurt Lewin's change model

<ul> <li>Unfreeze: creating motivation and readiness to change</li> <li>Change: learning new concepts, meanings and standards</li> <li>Refreeze: internalizing new concepts, meanings and standards</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 8 steps of Kotter's change model

<ol> <li>Establish a sense of urgency</li> <li>Create the guiding coalition</li> <li>Develop a vision and strategy</li> <li>Communicatie the change of vision</li> <li>Empower broadbased action</li> <li>Generate short-term wins</li> <li>Consolidate gains and produce more change</li> <li>Anchor new approaches in the culture</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 10 general succes factors of change models?

<ol> <li>asses the opportunity or problem motivating the change</li> <li>select and support a guiding coalition</li> <li>formulate a clear compelling vision</li> <li>communicate the vision</li> <li>mobilize energy for change</li> <li>empower others to act</li> <li>develop and promote change-related knowledge and ability</li> <li>identify short-term wins and us a reinforcement</li> <li>monitor and strengthen the change process</li> <li>insitutionalize change in company culture, practices and management succesion</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Resistance of change was originally defined as...

a restraining force moving in the directions of maintaining the status quo Signup and view all the answers

Resistance to change is often viewed as:

Irrational, couter-productive behaviour engaged by minority of workers to the inevitable detriment of the organization Signup and view all the answers

Resistance to change is recently dfined as:

A tri-dimensional (negative) attitude towards change, which included affective cognitive and behavioral components Signup and view all the answers

A model of culture consitst of....

Outer layer: explicit culture; artifacts and products Second layer: culture as share norms and values Inner layer: Implicit cultur; basic assumptions are norms that have become values Signup and view all the answers

Defining entrepreneurship

... creation of new economic value ... creation of novel ans useful products and services ... creation of new ventures in an already organized world Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea the Lean Startup

Ideas -> build -> measure -> learn -> ideas (repeat) Signup and view all the answers

How is social entrepreneurship different from commercial entrepreneurship?

<ol> <li>Mission (impact) first</li> <li>Resource mobilization</li> <li>Performance measurement</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Wat is diversity?

Diversity refers to the compsition of work unites in tems of the cultural and/or demographic characteristics that are salient and symbolically meaningful in the relationships among group members - DiTomaso Signup and view all the answers

What is inclusion?

Inclusion is the degree to which an employee perceivers that they are an esteemed member of the work group through experiencing treatment that makes them feel that they belong and that their unique contributions matters - shore 2021 Signup and view all the answers

What is the social identity theory from Tajfel and turner (1986)

Categorization -> identification -> comparison Signup and view all the answers

What are steroetypes?

Individuals set of belief about the charactaristics or attributes of a group - Quadflieg & Macrae, 2011 Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of stereotypes?

<ol> <li>Efficiency</li> <li>Self-affirmation</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Inclusion - Exclusion in organizations

Differentiation: you are not treated as an organizational insider socially excluded but your unique characteristics are seen as valuable and required for group organization success. Inclusion: You are treated as an insider AND encouraged to contribute your uniqueness; your feel safe in being and expressing yourself. Innovate descision making most likely. Exlusion: You are not treated as an organizaitonal insider with unique value in the work group but there are others employees who are insiders. Assimilation: You are treated as an insider in the work group as long as you conform to organizational/dominant culture norms; uniqueness downplayed Signup and view all the answers

What are the best inclusion practices?

<ol> <li>Fairly implemented employment practices</li> <li>Cultural integration of diverse identities</li> <li>Inclusion in descision making</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the institutional theory - Kostova 1999

Cognitive: <ul> <li>Concepts and knowledge</li> <li>Discourse Regulative:</li> <li>Laws & policies</li> <li>Labor market, employment relations Normative</li> <li>Values & norms</li> <li>Cultural peculiarities</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Consulting and Giving Advice

Consulting is the practice of providing expert advice and guidance to organizations to help them solve problems and improve their performance.
The goals of consulting, according to Kubr (2002), include improving the client's performance, providing expert advice, and building a long-term relationship with the client.

Consulting Roles

According to Schein (1990), there are three primary consulting roles: expert, doctor-patient, and process consultant.
The expert role involves providing specialized knowledge and expertise to the client.
The doctor-patient role involves diagnosing the client's problems and providing solutions.
The process consultant role involves facilitating the client's own problem-solving and learning processes.

Porter's 5 Forces Model

The 5 Forces model, developed by Michael Porter, is a framework for analyzing the competitive environment of an industry.
The five forces are:
- Threat of new entrants
- Bargaining power of suppliers
- Bargaining power of buyers
- Threat of substitute products or services
- Competitive rivalry among existing competitors

Strategy and Competitive Advantage

Firms need strategy to achieve a competitive advantage and sustain it over time.
The essence of strategy, according to Porter, is to create a unique and valuable position that is sustainable over time.
Jay Barney defines strategy as a firm's ability to create and sustain a competitive advantage through its unique resources and capabilities.
The VRIN resources (Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, and Non-substitutable) are key to achieving a competitive advantage.
Strategic management involves analyzing the internal and external environment, formulating strategies, and implementing them to achieve organizational goals.

Change Management

Change is a response to internal or external pressures, and it involves adapting to new circumstances or opportunities.
According to Harigopal (2006), change is a complex and multifaceted process that affects individuals, teams, and organizations.
The reasons for change include internal pressures, external pressures, and the need for innovation and growth.
Types of planned organizational change include structural, cultural, and technological change.
Kurt Lewin's change model involves three stages: unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.
Kotter's 8-step change model includes establishing a sense of urgency, forming a powerful coalition, and creating a vision for change.
The 10 general success factors of change models include strong leadership, effective communication, and employee engagement.

Resistance to Change

Resistance to change was originally defined as a negative reaction to change, but it is now viewed as a natural response to uncertainty and uncertainty.
Resistance to change is often viewed as a barrier to change, but it can also be a catalyst for innovation and growth.
Recently, resistance to change has been defined as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that involves individual, group, and organizational factors.

Organizational Culture and Diversity

A model of culture consists of artifacts, values, and assumptions.
Defining entrepreneurship involves recognizing opportunities, taking risks, and creating value.
The main idea of the Lean Startup is to create a minimum viable product and iterate based on customer feedback.
Social entrepreneurship is different from commercial entrepreneurship in that it focuses on creating social value rather than profit.
Diversity refers to the differences between individuals and groups, including demographic, cognitive, and cultural differences.
Inclusion refers to the creation of an environment where everyone feels valued, respected, and empowered.
The social identity theory, developed by Tajfel and Turner (1986), suggests that individuals derive a sense of identity and belonging from group membership.
Stereotypes are oversimplified and inaccurate beliefs about groups of people.
The functions of stereotypes include providing a sense of identity and simplifying complex information.
Inclusion-exclusion in organizations involves creating an environment where everyone feels valued and respected, and where diversity is celebrated.
The best inclusion practices include creating a diverse and inclusive culture, providing training and education, and holding leaders accountable.
The institutional theory, developed by Kostova (1999), suggests that organizations are shaped by their institutional environment and that they must adapt to changes in that environment to survive.

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