Lecture 4

Questions and Answers

In which type of cultures is individual success and the 'self-made man' emphasized?

Industrial-Western cultures

What is the primary goal for infant care in the US, according to Caudill and Weinstein (1969)?

Encouraging independence as early as possible

According to Cole (1992), what is the preferred pre-school class size in Japan?

Large, to promote group membership

What was observed in the study by Correa-Chavez and Rogoff (2009) regarding observational learning?

Guatemalan Mayan children with little exposure to Western schooling learned more through observation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between adults in collectivist and individualist cultures, according to Richard Nisbett?

Attention to and memory for context in collectivist culture adults Signup and view all the answers

What are 'psychological tools' in the context of contextual theory?

Language systems, counting systems, writing, diagrams, maps, conventional signs, works of art, strategies for learning, attending or memorising etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of contextual theory?

The sociocultural origins of mental functioning Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between individualist and collectivist cultures?

The emphasis on individual success versus collective well-being Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the experiment where a 12-month-old infant watches an adult try to open an ajar door with their head?

It demonstrates that infants understand intentions and goals Signup and view all the answers

What is prosocial behaviour?

A voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between preschoolers' sharing behaviour and future prosocial behaviour?

Preschoolers' sharing behaviour predicts future prosocial behaviour Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically develop a Theory of Mind (ToM) according to many theories?

Around 5-6 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the key test for understanding other's minds and preferences?

The false-belief task Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically pass the classic false-belief task?

Around 5 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between moral judgment and prosocial behaviour in adolescents?

Moral judgment is positively correlated with prosocial behaviour Signup and view all the answers

Who studied moral judgment and its development in children?

Jean Piaget Signup and view all the answers

What does the contextual theory propose to understand development?

By looking at the child's behavior in the context in which it occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'zone of proximal development' according to Vygotsky?

The distance between a child's actual and potential developmental levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Vygotsky's methodology?

Assessing a child's potential developmental level with assistance from others Signup and view all the answers

What is a key prediction of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

That children's development is influenced by their social and cultural environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of cultural variation in child development, according to Vygotsky?

The individualism vs. collectivism cultural dimension Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory for understanding child development across cultures?

That child development is influenced by cultural factors, leading to large cross-cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the cups when John entered the dining room?

They fell on the floor and broke Signup and view all the answers

Why did Henry try to get the jam?

Because he was sneaking Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, what type of morality do younger children have?

External morality Signup and view all the answers

How many phases are in each level of Kohlberg's moral development theory?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the dilemma used in Kohlberg's research interviews?

Heinz Dilemma Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for the externally regulated phase according to Piaget?

From 5 years old Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cup when Henry tries to get the jam?

It falls and breaks Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the researcher who extended Piaget's moral development theory?

Kohlberg Signup and view all the answers

What was the main cause of Heinz's desperation in the Heinz Dilemma?

He couldn't afford the expensive drug for his wife. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, what is the primary focus of pre-conventional moral judgment?

Punishment and reward. Signup and view all the answers

At what stage of development does a person realize that some laws may be immoral and need to be changed?

Post-conventional Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding of the study by Lee and Prentice (1988)?

Juvenile delinquents have no deficits in empathy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central theme of Kohlberg's account of moral judgment?

There is a clear developmental sequence in moral reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of conventional moral judgment?

Broad social system based on fairness and empathy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Kohlberg's post-conventional stage and the conventional stage?

Recognition of universal principles of justice. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between Piaget and Kohlberg's theories of moral judgment?

Piaget focused on cognitive development, while Kohlberg focused on moral judgment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Contextual Theory

The contextual theory focuses on understanding development by looking at the child's behavior in the context in which it occurs.
The theory considers multiple levels of context, ranging from face-to-face interactions to cultural belief systems.

Zone of Proximal Development

The zone of proximal development refers to the distance between a child's actual developmental level and their potential level as determined through problem-solving with adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers.

Sociocultural Origins of Mental Functioning

Children grow into the intellectual life of those around them, predicting large cross-cultural differences in child development.
Parents in individualist cultures (e.g., the US) focus on individual success and independence, while those in collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan) focus on interdependence and group membership.

Cultural Variations in Child Development

Research has shown that cultural variations influence child development, with individualist cultures emphasizing independence and collectivist cultures emphasizing interdependence.
For example, in the US, infants are seen as dependent and must learn independence, whereas in Japan, infants are seen as independent and must learn interdependence.

The Mediation of Intellectual Functioning by Cultural Tools

Cultural tools, such as language systems, counting systems, and diagrams, mediate intellectual functioning from a very young age.
Infants track others' behaviors and intentions, and research has shown that they can understand intentions and goals, not just specific actions.

Prosocial Behavior

Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.
Research has shown that prosocial behavior is associated with moral judgment and can be predicted by preschoolers' sharing behavior.

Theory of Mind

Theory of Mind refers to the understanding that others' beliefs and desires can differ from one's own.
Children typically develop Theory of Mind around age 5, as demonstrated by the false-belief task.

Piaget and Kohlberg on Moral Judgment

Piaget proposed that moral judgment develops in two stages: an external, rule-based morality (until around age 8) and a self-regulated, internal morality (emerging from age 8).
Kohlberg extended Piaget's stage approach, proposing a life-span theory of moral development with three levels and six phases.

Kohlberg's Heinz Dilemma

The Heinz dilemma presents a moral dilemma, asking whether Heinz should steal a drug to save his dying wife.
Research has shown that children's moral reasoning develops over time, with a focus on punishment and reward in early childhood, fairness and empathy in middle childhood, and universal principles of justice and human rights in adolescence.

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