Podcast
Questions and Answers
In which type of cultures is individual success and the 'self-made man' emphasized?
In which type of cultures is individual success and the 'self-made man' emphasized?
- Industrial-Western cultures (correct)
- Collectivist cultures
- Eastern cultures
- Indigenous cultures
What is the primary goal for infant care in the US, according to Caudill and Weinstein (1969)?
What is the primary goal for infant care in the US, according to Caudill and Weinstein (1969)?
- Promoting collective responsibility
- Having the baby sleep with parents
- Encouraging independence as early as possible (correct)
- Teaching interdependence with other people
According to Cole (1992), what is the preferred pre-school class size in Japan?
According to Cole (1992), what is the preferred pre-school class size in Japan?
- Small, for individual attention
- Medium, to balance individual and group needs
- Large, to promote group membership (correct)
- Flexible, depending on the child's needs
What was observed in the study by Correa-Chavez and Rogoff (2009) regarding observational learning?
What was observed in the study by Correa-Chavez and Rogoff (2009) regarding observational learning?
What is a key difference between adults in collectivist and individualist cultures, according to Richard Nisbett?
What is a key difference between adults in collectivist and individualist cultures, according to Richard Nisbett?
What are 'psychological tools' in the context of contextual theory?
What are 'psychological tools' in the context of contextual theory?
What is the primary focus of contextual theory?
What is the primary focus of contextual theory?
What is a key difference between individualist and collectivist cultures?
What is a key difference between individualist and collectivist cultures?
What is the significance of the experiment where a 12-month-old infant watches an adult try to open an ajar door with their head?
What is the significance of the experiment where a 12-month-old infant watches an adult try to open an ajar door with their head?
What is prosocial behaviour?
What is prosocial behaviour?
What is the relationship between preschoolers' sharing behaviour and future prosocial behaviour?
What is the relationship between preschoolers' sharing behaviour and future prosocial behaviour?
At what age do children typically develop a Theory of Mind (ToM) according to many theories?
At what age do children typically develop a Theory of Mind (ToM) according to many theories?
What is the key test for understanding other's minds and preferences?
What is the key test for understanding other's minds and preferences?
At what age do children typically pass the classic false-belief task?
At what age do children typically pass the classic false-belief task?
What is the relationship between moral judgment and prosocial behaviour in adolescents?
What is the relationship between moral judgment and prosocial behaviour in adolescents?
Who studied moral judgment and its development in children?
Who studied moral judgment and its development in children?
What does the contextual theory propose to understand development?
What does the contextual theory propose to understand development?
What is the 'zone of proximal development' according to Vygotsky?
What is the 'zone of proximal development' according to Vygotsky?
What is the focus of Vygotsky's methodology?
What is the focus of Vygotsky's methodology?
What is a key prediction of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
What is a key prediction of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?
What is a key aspect of cultural variation in child development, according to Vygotsky?
What is a key aspect of cultural variation in child development, according to Vygotsky?
What is the implication of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory for understanding child development across cultures?
What is the implication of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory for understanding child development across cultures?
What happened to the cups when John entered the dining room?
What happened to the cups when John entered the dining room?
Why did Henry try to get the jam?
Why did Henry try to get the jam?
According to Piaget, what type of morality do younger children have?
According to Piaget, what type of morality do younger children have?
How many phases are in each level of Kohlberg's moral development theory?
How many phases are in each level of Kohlberg's moral development theory?
What is the name of the dilemma used in Kohlberg's research interviews?
What is the name of the dilemma used in Kohlberg's research interviews?
What is the age range for the externally regulated phase according to Piaget?
What is the age range for the externally regulated phase according to Piaget?
What happens to the cup when Henry tries to get the jam?
What happens to the cup when Henry tries to get the jam?
What is the name of the researcher who extended Piaget's moral development theory?
What is the name of the researcher who extended Piaget's moral development theory?
What was the main cause of Heinz's desperation in the Heinz Dilemma?
What was the main cause of Heinz's desperation in the Heinz Dilemma?
According to Kohlberg, what is the primary focus of pre-conventional moral judgment?
According to Kohlberg, what is the primary focus of pre-conventional moral judgment?
At what stage of development does a person realize that some laws may be immoral and need to be changed?
At what stage of development does a person realize that some laws may be immoral and need to be changed?
What is a key finding of the study by Lee and Prentice (1988)?
What is a key finding of the study by Lee and Prentice (1988)?
What is the central theme of Kohlberg's account of moral judgment?
What is the central theme of Kohlberg's account of moral judgment?
What is a key characteristic of conventional moral judgment?
What is a key characteristic of conventional moral judgment?
What is the primary difference between Kohlberg's post-conventional stage and the conventional stage?
What is the primary difference between Kohlberg's post-conventional stage and the conventional stage?
What is a key difference between Piaget and Kohlberg's theories of moral judgment?
What is a key difference between Piaget and Kohlberg's theories of moral judgment?
Study Notes
Contextual Theory
- The contextual theory focuses on understanding development by looking at the child's behavior in the context in which it occurs.
- The theory considers multiple levels of context, ranging from face-to-face interactions to cultural belief systems.
Zone of Proximal Development
- The zone of proximal development refers to the distance between a child's actual developmental level and their potential level as determined through problem-solving with adult guidance or collaboration with more capable peers.
Sociocultural Origins of Mental Functioning
- Children grow into the intellectual life of those around them, predicting large cross-cultural differences in child development.
- Parents in individualist cultures (e.g., the US) focus on individual success and independence, while those in collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan) focus on interdependence and group membership.
Cultural Variations in Child Development
- Research has shown that cultural variations influence child development, with individualist cultures emphasizing independence and collectivist cultures emphasizing interdependence.
- For example, in the US, infants are seen as dependent and must learn independence, whereas in Japan, infants are seen as independent and must learn interdependence.
The Mediation of Intellectual Functioning by Cultural Tools
- Cultural tools, such as language systems, counting systems, and diagrams, mediate intellectual functioning from a very young age.
- Infants track others' behaviors and intentions, and research has shown that they can understand intentions and goals, not just specific actions.
Prosocial Behavior
- Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.
- Research has shown that prosocial behavior is associated with moral judgment and can be predicted by preschoolers' sharing behavior.
Theory of Mind
- Theory of Mind refers to the understanding that others' beliefs and desires can differ from one's own.
- Children typically develop Theory of Mind around age 5, as demonstrated by the false-belief task.
Piaget and Kohlberg on Moral Judgment
- Piaget proposed that moral judgment develops in two stages: an external, rule-based morality (until around age 8) and a self-regulated, internal morality (emerging from age 8).
- Kohlberg extended Piaget's stage approach, proposing a life-span theory of moral development with three levels and six phases.
Kohlberg's Heinz Dilemma
- The Heinz dilemma presents a moral dilemma, asking whether Heinz should steal a drug to save his dying wife.
- Research has shown that children's moral reasoning develops over time, with a focus on punishment and reward in early childhood, fairness and empathy in middle childhood, and universal principles of justice and human rights in adolescence.
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