Obstructive Lung Disease 4
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Questions and Answers

What is emphysema characterized by?

  • Reversible airway obstruction
  • Accumulation of mucus in the bronchi
  • Permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles and destruction of their walls without fibrosis (correct)
  • Chronic productive cough

    • Which type of emphysema is associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency?

  • Centriacinar
  • Interstitial
  • Panacinar (correct)
  • Distal acinar

    • What type of emphysema is most common in the upper lobes and associated with smoking?

  • Panacinar
  • Paraseptal
  • Centriacinar (correct)
  • Distal acinar

    • Which imbalance is involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema?

    <p>Protease-antiprotease imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of protease in emphysema?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of death in patients with emphysema?

    <p>Cor pulmonale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is chronic bronchitis defined?

    <p>Persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of centriacinar emphysema?

    <p>Upper lobe and apical segment predominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pathological feature of panacinar emphysema?

    <p>Destruction of alveolar walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of chronic bronchitis patients are smokers?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chronic bronchitis is characterized by airflow obstruction usually with associated emphysema?

    <p>Chronic obstructive bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Mucous glands hypertrophy and hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is typically associated with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Productive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe patients with severe chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Blue bloaters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of asthma is mediated by IgE and TH2 responses?

    <p>Extrinsic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers intrinsic asthma?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of asthma's pathophysiology?

    <p>Bronchial dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of an acute asthma attack?

    <p>Chest tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bronchiectasis characterized by?

    <p>Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathogenesis of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an obstructive lung disease?

    <p>Pulmonary fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of obstructive lung diseases?

    <p>Increased resistance to airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is crucial for diagnosing obstructive lung diseases?

    <p>Pulmonary function test (PFT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In obstructive lung diseases, the FEV1/FVC ratio is typically:

    <p>Reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of chronic obstructive bronchitis?

    <p>Chronic airflow obstruction with emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung disease is known for the 'blue bloaters' clinical appearance?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emphysema is more commonly seen in the lower lung zones?

    <p>Panacinar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural change is a characteristic finding in asthma?

    <p>Thickening of the basement membrane of the bronchial epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with an acute asthma attack?

    <p>Productive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emphysema

    • Emphysema is characterized by permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles and destruction of their walls without fibrosis.
    • Panacinar emphysema is associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
    • Centriacinar emphysema is the most common type in the upper lobes and is associated with smoking.
    • Protease-antiprotease imbalance is involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema.
    • Neutrophils are the primary source of protease in emphysema.
    • Severe emphysema patients often have a barrel-chested appearance.
    • Cor pulmonale is a common cause of death in patients with emphysema.

    Chronic Bronchitis

    • Chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years.
    • About 90% of chronic bronchitis patients are smokers.
    • Chronic obstructive bronchitis is characterized by airflow obstruction usually with associated emphysema.
    • Mucous glands hypertrophy and hyperplasia are hallmarks of chronic bronchitis.
    • Weight loss is not typically associated with chronic bronchitis.
    • Patients with severe chronic bronchitis are often referred to as "blue bloaters".

    Bronchial Asthma

    • Extrinsic asthma is mediated by IgE and TH2 responses.
    • Intrinsic asthma is triggered by viral infections, exercise, and other factors.
    • Mast cells and eosinophils are involved in the airway inflammation of asthma.
    • Airway inflammation, intermittent airway obstruction, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness are components of asthma's pathophysiology.
    • Chest tightness is a main feature of an acute asthma attack.
    • Status asthmaticus is a severe asthma attack that does not respond to therapy.
    • Bronchial wall thickening is a characteristic of airway remodeling in asthma.
    • Aspirin is a major mediator in non-atopic asthma.

    Bronchiectasis

    • Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles.
    • Tumors, foreign bodies, and cystic fibrosis are causes of bronchiectasis.
    • Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. are microorganisms commonly associated with necrotizing pneumonia leading to bronchiectasis.
    • Productive cough with mucopurulent sputum is a common clinical feature of bronchiectasis.
    • Clubbing of the fingers and pulmonary hypertension are complications of bronchiectasis.
    • Chronic persistent infection and bronchial obstruction are primary pathogeneses of bronchiectasis.

    General Knowledge on Obstructive Lung Diseases

    • Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma are considered obstructive lung diseases.
    • Pulmonary fibrosis is not considered an obstructive lung disease.
    • Increased resistance to airflow is a common feature of obstructive lung diseases.
    • Pulmonary function test (PFT) is crucial for diagnosing obstructive lung diseases.
    • In obstructive lung diseases, the FEV1/FVC ratio is typically reduced.
    • Airway hyperresponsiveness is a hallmark of chronic obstructive bronchitis.
    • Chronic airflow obstruction with emphysema is a characteristic of chronic obstructive bronchitis.

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