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Questions and Answers
What event in 1840 led to the start of the first “Opium War”?
What event in 1840 led to the start of the first “Opium War”?
What was one of the consequences of the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842?
What was one of the consequences of the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842?
Who led the Taiping Rebellion in 1851?
Who led the Taiping Rebellion in 1851?
What was the result of the Second Opium War, also known as the Arrow War, started in 1856?
What was the result of the Second Opium War, also known as the Arrow War, started in 1856?
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Who became the Emperor of China after Emperor Xianfeng fled in 1860?
Who became the Emperor of China after Emperor Xianfeng fled in 1860?
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The ______ was forced to open more ports to foreign trade after signing the Treaty of Nanjing.
The ______ was forced to open more ports to foreign trade after signing the Treaty of Nanjing.
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The ______ was given to the British as a colony according to the Treaty of Nanjing.
The ______ was given to the British as a colony according to the Treaty of Nanjing.
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Hong Xiuquan presented himself as the ______ of Jesus.
Hong Xiuquan presented himself as the ______ of Jesus.
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The ______ Kingdom of Great Peace was the name of the Christian kingdom that Hong Xiuquan aimed to establish.
The ______ Kingdom of Great Peace was the name of the Christian kingdom that Hong Xiuquan aimed to establish.
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The ______ Palace was looted and destroyed in 1860.
The ______ Palace was looted and destroyed in 1860.
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Study Notes
British Diplomatic Mission to Qing Court
- 1792: First British diplomatic mission to Qing court led by Lord Macartney, aiming to extend British trade beyond Canton.
- Demands included opening more ports, preferential tariffs, and a permanent ambassador in China.
- The Chinese perceived the visit as a tribute, but Macartney refused to kowtow, leading to a failed mission.
Qing Dynasty Politics
- 1796: Qianlong abdicates to show filial piety to his grandfather Kangxi, but continues to rule during the reign of his son, the Jiaqing emperor.
- 1799: Qianlong dies, and his son has Heshen executed.
- 1796: White Lotus uprising begins in Hubei, spread to other provinces, and was eventually put down in 1804, but not before draining the government's resources.
Foreign Trade and Opium
- Foreigners, mainly British (East India Company) and Americans, traded in Canton, exporting tea and silk and importing silver.
- Opium trade rises, despite being illegal in China, and is smuggled into China in large quantities from India (Calcutta).
- China has two currencies: taels (silver ingots) and cash (copper coins), but silver is drained by the opium trade.
- 1839: Daoguang emperor bans opium, leading to the First Opium War in 1840.
First Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing
- 1842: China surrenders and signs the Treaty of Nanjing, opening more ports to foreign trade, giving Hong Kong to the British, and paying a large silver indemnity.
- Later, China signs similar treaties with France and the US.
Internal Unrest
- Secret societies (Triads) and religious groups emerge, including the Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan.
- 1851: Taiping Rebellion begins, conquering Nanjing and leading to ten years of civil war and 20 million deaths.
- Second Opium War (Arrow War) starts in 1856, leading to more treaty ports being opened, destruction, and looting of the Summer Palace in 1860.
British Diplomatic Mission to Qing Court
- 1792: First British diplomatic mission to Qing court led by Lord Macartney, aiming to extend British trade beyond Canton.
- Demands included opening more ports, preferential tariffs, and a permanent ambassador in China.
- The Chinese perceived the visit as a tribute, but Macartney refused to kowtow, leading to a failed mission.
Qing Dynasty Politics
- 1796: Qianlong abdicates to show filial piety to his grandfather Kangxi, but continues to rule during the reign of his son, the Jiaqing emperor.
- 1799: Qianlong dies, and his son has Heshen executed.
- 1796: White Lotus uprising begins in Hubei, spread to other provinces, and was eventually put down in 1804, but not before draining the government's resources.
Foreign Trade and Opium
- Foreigners, mainly British (East India Company) and Americans, traded in Canton, exporting tea and silk and importing silver.
- Opium trade rises, despite being illegal in China, and is smuggled into China in large quantities from India (Calcutta).
- China has two currencies: taels (silver ingots) and cash (copper coins), but silver is drained by the opium trade.
- 1839: Daoguang emperor bans opium, leading to the First Opium War in 1840.
First Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing
- 1842: China surrenders and signs the Treaty of Nanjing, opening more ports to foreign trade, giving Hong Kong to the British, and paying a large silver indemnity.
- Later, China signs similar treaties with France and the US.
Internal Unrest
- Secret societies (Triads) and religious groups emerge, including the Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan.
- 1851: Taiping Rebellion begins, conquering Nanjing and leading to ten years of civil war and 20 million deaths.
- Second Opium War (Arrow War) starts in 1856, leading to more treaty ports being opened, destruction, and looting of the Summer Palace in 1860.
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Description
Explore the 1792 British diplomatic mission to the Qing court and Qing Dynasty politics during the late 18th century, including the abdication of Qianlong.
