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Questions and Answers

Specialist eaters Advantage

  • they have no other animals to compete with
  • They have lost of food to choose from
  • They have good mechanisms for coping with “known” risks. (correct)
  • they have many environments to live in
  • Specialist eaters - Disadvantage

  • live in a smaller pack
  • This can pose a problem when environmental disruptions, like effects from climate change or habitat loss, occur (correct)
  • Have more fur
  • Have a bigger pack
  • What is the primary function of carnassial teeth in carnivores?

  • Chewing plants
  • Crushing bones
  • Slicing meat and cutting tough sinews (correct)
  • Digging burrows
  • What is a distinctive feature of herbivores' incisors?

    <p>They are chisel-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do herbivores typically use their premolars and molars for?

    <p>Chewing plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable difference between carnivores and herbivores' canines?

    <p>Herbivores often lack canines or have very small ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of carnivores' teeth, excluding incisors?

    <p>They are specialized for meat consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do the teeth of carnivores differ from those of herbivores?

    <p>In the shape and function of premolars and molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of premolars and molars in herbivores?

    <p>Chewing and grinding plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teeth are specialized for slicing meat and cutting tough sinews?

    <p>Carnassial teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of herbivores' canines?

    <p>They are small or non-existent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of the teeth of carnivores and herbivores?

    <p>Incisors in the front</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the premolars and molars of herbivores?

    <p>Chewing plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the canines of carnivores from those of herbivores?

    <p>Carnivores have larger canines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of teeth do herbivores typically have?

    <p>Chisel-like incisors and large premolars and molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of carnassial teeth in carnivores?

    <p>Slicing meat and cutting tough sinews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows generalist species to survive in larger numbers?

    <p>Their ability to adapt to new biomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a generalist's diet?

    <p>It is consistent with their surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a generalist species?

    <p>Raccoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of being a generalist species?

    <p>They are quickly adaptable to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of generalist species in terms of their genetic traits?

    <p>They can evolve to maintain genetic traits specific to their new biome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are generalist species able to relocate easily?

    <p>Because they are able to adapt to new biomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of generalist species in terms of their ability to adapt to new biomes?

    <p>They are able to adapt easily and quickly to new biomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between generalist and specialist species?

    <p>Generalists have a broader niche than specialists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of being a generalist species?

    <p>They are able to survive in larger numbers due to their adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do generalist species' diets change in accordance with their surroundings?

    <p>Their diet is consistent with what surrounds them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a generalist species mentioned in the text?

    <p>Raccoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do generalist species respond to changes in their environment?

    <p>They are quickly adaptable to change and rarely need to recover.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of generalist species in terms of their adaptability?

    <p>They are quickly adaptable to changes in their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between generalist and specialist species?

    <p>Generalist species have a broader niche than specialist species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do generalist species respond to changes in their environment?

    <p>They are quickly adaptable to changes in their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a generalist species' diet?

    <p>It changes in accordance with their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of being a generalist species?

    <p>They are more likely to survive in larger numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do generalist species' genetic traits do in terms of their adaptability?

    <p>They evolve in certain ways to maintain specific traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complete diet?

    <p>Supply of nutrients must be in ‘optimal balance’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does animal maintain body weight?

    <p>Initiation and frequency of meals and Amount eaten during meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a animal in a state of Maintenance

    <p>its body composition remains constant, it does not give rise to any production such as milk or pregnancy does not perform any work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wha is BASE BETABOLIC RATE (BMR)

    <p>What is needed to prevent an animal using body tissue to keep itself alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if food is digestible

    <p>High digestibility means that the nutrients are being extracted to be used by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher the fibre, lower the digestibility for monogastric animals

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestibility Systems match the correct ones

    <p>Monogastric = Dogs, cats, rats, mice, pigs ,digestion chemical action , poor ability to handle fibrous food Functioning caecum = Hind gut fermenter,orse, rabbit, guinea pig,Caecum and colon enlarged and contain micro-organisms to break down fibrous plant material Ruminant system = Sheep – four stomachs, Cows, sheep, goats,Ruminant animals cannot tolerate too much grain in a diet, The provision of high energy for ruminants must take this into account. Caecum = (appendix to break down roughage)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ruminant System allocate correct

    <p>Reticulum = Traps dangerous objects and prevents them from proceeding through the rest of the tract. Called hardware disease: cow eats wire, nails, staples Stores, sorts, and moves feed back to the esophagus for regurgitation (throwing up) Rumen = Functions as a storage vat, Food is soaked, mixed, and fermented, Some absorption of nutrients, Some breakdown of feed through microbial action Omasum = Grinds roughage Abomasum = Only true stomach Functions similarity to a monogastric stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cat Nutrition

    <p>Kitten = : high protein and high fat content To support rapid growth and high energy level Adlib feeding or 8-10 small meals each day Easily digestible animal protein and other important nutrients, such as fiber, essential vitamins and minerals, and taurine rich foods such as chicken and fish sources. Adult: = Several small meals per day Vitamin A, from liver, kidney and other organ meats, and niacin for healthy growth Essential fatty acids for healthy skin and fur Taurine for healthy eyes and heart muscle Senior = Good quality protein with moderate fat (prevent obesity) Very old cats require high protein, fat and calorie foods to support lean body mass and immune function Commercial = Dry (biscuits) and wet Quality varies, good storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cats often have trouble digesting lactose in milk (a milk sugar).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain nutrients MUST be supplied in their diet. E.G. Taurine Prevents eye and heart diseases Used for prenatal and neonatal development

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Don’t exercise dogs on a full stomach.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maintenance is:

    <p>The amount of energy required by a moderately active animal in its daily search for and utilisation of food but does not include energy for growth, pregnancy, lactation, work or illness/injury BMR (energy to be alive) + MER (Energy for muscle activity for foraging - heat).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Production Energy Requirements

    <p>Animals require addition nutrients (energy, protein, mineral, vitamins &amp; water) over and above that for maintenance for pregnancy, lactation, growth, work/activity, illness/injury, psychological factors, environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mammal Dentition

    • Carnivores possess a range of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
    • Carnivores have carnassial teeth, which are specialized for slicing meat and cutting tough sinews.

    Herbivore Dental Characteristics

    • Herbivores have chisel-like incisors, adapted for cutting and cropping plant material.
    • Herbivores have large, flat premolars and molars, suited for grinding and crushing plant material.
    • Herbivores often have small or absent canines.

    Mammal Dentition

    • Carnivores possess a range of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
    • Carnivores have carnassial teeth, which are specialized for slicing meat and cutting tough sinews.

    Herbivore Dental Characteristics

    • Herbivores have chisel-like incisors, adapted for cutting and cropping plant material.
    • Herbivores have large, flat premolars and molars, suited for grinding and crushing plant material.
    • Herbivores often have small or absent canines.

    Mammal Dentition

    • Carnivores possess a range of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
    • Carnivores have carnassial teeth, which are specialized for slicing meat and cutting tough sinews.

    Herbivore Dental Characteristics

    • Herbivores have chisel-like incisors, adapted for cutting and cropping plant material.
    • Herbivores have large, flat premolars and molars, suited for grinding and crushing plant material.
    • Herbivores often have small or absent canines.

    Generalist Species

    • A generalist species has a broad niche, allowing it to adapt easily to various environmental conditions.
    • They are more likely to survive and thrive due to their ability to relocate, change food sources, and adapt to new biomes.
    • Generalists are quickly adaptable to change and rarely face environmental problems that require recovery.
    • Their diets change according to their surroundings, and they can evolve to maintain genetic traits specific to their new habitat.

    Example of a Generalist Species: Raccoon

    • Raccoons are found globally, adapting to different environments, including urban and natural settings.
    • They can easily adapt to changes in weather and habitat, making them a prime example of a generalist species.
    • Raccoons' diets consist of whatever is available in their surroundings, including foraging in trash cans.
    • They don't require specific or stable conditions to reproduce or maintain their health.

    Comparison to Specialist Species

    • Generalist species differ from specialist species, which have a narrow niche and specific requirements.

    Generalist Species

    • A generalist species has a broad niche and is easily adaptable to many environmental conditions.
    • They are more likely to survive in large numbers due to their ability to relocate, change food sources, and adapt to new biomes.
    • Generalists are quickly adaptable to change and rarely face the need to recover from environmental problems.
    • Their diets change in accordance with their surroundings, and they can evolve to maintain genetic traits specific to their new habitat.

    Example of a Generalist Species: Raccoon

    • Raccoons are found all over the world, adapting easily to changes in weather or habitat.
    • Their diets are consistent with their surroundings, and they can forage in trash cans for food if needed.
    • They do not require specific or stable conditions to reproduce or maintain their health.

    Characteristics of a Specialist

    • Niche/Adaptability: The species occupies a specific niche, and its ability to adapt to sudden changes is limited.
    • Diet: The species eats specific food that may not be readily available, and a forced change in intake would significantly impact them.
    • Location: The species inhabits a specific location, and a change in location or climate would directly affect its survival.
    • Tolerance: The species is sensitive to changes, and its well-being is greatly affected; if affected, it takes time to recover.

    Generalist Species

    • A generalist species has a broad niche and is easily adaptable to many environmental conditions.
    • They are more likely to survive in large numbers due to their ability to relocate, change food sources, and adapt to new biomes.
    • Generalists are quickly adaptable to change and rarely face the need to recover from environmental problems.
    • Their diets change in accordance with their surroundings, and they can evolve to maintain genetic traits specific to their new habitat.

    Example of a Generalist Species: Raccoon

    • Raccoons are found all over the world, adapting easily to changes in weather or habitat.
    • Their diets are consistent with their surroundings, and they can forage in trash cans for food if needed.
    • They do not require specific or stable conditions to reproduce or maintain their health.

    Characteristics of a Specialist

    • Niche/Adaptability: The species occupies a specific niche, and its ability to adapt to sudden changes is limited.
    • Diet: The species eats specific food that may not be readily available, and a forced change in intake would significantly impact them.
    • Location: The species inhabits a specific location, and a change in location or climate would directly affect its survival.
    • Tolerance: The species is sensitive to changes, and its well-being is greatly affected; if affected, it takes time to recover.

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    Description

    Compare and contrast the dental structure of carnivores and herbivores, including the types of teeth and their functions.

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