Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in a Magnetic Field

Study Notes

The force on a wire is directly proportional to the current I, magnetic field B, and length of wire exposed to the magnetic field.
The force also depends on the angle θ between the current direction and the magnetic field.
The force on a wire carrying a current I with length L in a uniform magnetic field B is given by: F = ILBsin θ.
The direction of the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire can be found using the right-hand rule:
- Point fingers in the direction of B.
- Point thumb in the direction of the conventional current in the wire.
- The palm of the hand then faces or pushes in the direction of the force acting on the wire.

The force is always perpendicular to the plane containing the conductor and the direction of the field.
The force is greatest when the conductor is at right angles to the field.

Prophase: nuclear envelope dissociates into small vesicles, chromosomes condense and become visible under a compound microscope, centrosomes move to opposite poles.
Chromosomes coil tightly, develop a kinetochore in the centromeric region, and attract mitotic spindle microtubules from centrosomes.
Organelles like the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum fragment and disperse toward the cell periphery.

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (equatorial plane) at the cell's middle, sister chromatids still tightly attached to each other.

Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and are pulled rapidly toward the centrosome to which its microtubule is attached.
Connection between sister chromatids breaks down, and microtubules pull chromosomes toward opposite poles.

Chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin to decondense (unravel).
Mitotic spindles depolymerize, nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes, and nucleosomes appear within the nuclear area.

Final phenomenon where the division of the cell is completed by the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.