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Questions and Answers

What are the different dimensions of psychopathology according to the content?

  • Neuroscience (correct)
  • Behavior (correct)
  • Emotional (correct)
  • Cognition (correct)
  • Genetic (correct)

    • Hippocrates separated religion and superstition when explaining mental abnormality.

    True

    Who founded modern psychiatry and introduced 'traitement moral'?

    Phillippe Pinel

    During the Renaissance, care of the insane was better and they were often placed in ______.

    <p>families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following time periods with their corresponding approach to abnormality:

    <p>Middle Ages = Animism &amp; Satanism Renaissance = Biological explanations and family care Early modern period - 17th up to 18th century = Animalism Early modern period - 18th - beginning of 19th century = Moral Approach End of 19th century and beginning of 20th century (Victorian era) = Somatogenic and Psychogenic approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main therapy approaches that replaced psychoanalysis after the '30s and '40s?

    <p>Behavioural, Cognitive, Humanistic-existential, Psycho-social, Pharmacotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are considered when defining abnormality according to Seligman, Walker, & Rosenhan (2001)?

    <p>Maladaptiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetics plays a significant role in mental disorders; for example, in bipolar disorder, around 80% can be attributed to _____ X chromosome.

    <p>chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and GABA play a role in disordered neural activity in the brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for harmonizing the DSM and ICD classifications?

    <p>To hinder the collection and use of national health statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DSM-V integrates a dimensional approach to diagnosis with the categorical approach from DSM-IV.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) under DSM-V?

    <p>dysfunctional social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviours or interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mental disorder is characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, ____, or behavior.

    <p>emotion regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of adults in the US who do not leave home due to anxiety disorder?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about selective mutism?

    <p>Individuals can speak normally but fail to speak in social situations when expected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific phobias can be associated with disturbances in serotonin and dopamine functioning in the limbic system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Panic disorder involves recurrent experience of panic attacks and worries about having more panic attacks or consequences of the panic attacks, leading to avoidance of _______ or unfamiliar locations.

    <p>exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anxiety disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Agoraphobia = Fear and anxiety about places where escape may be difficult or embarrassing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) = Persistent and excessive anxiety about various domains Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) = Repetitive thoughts and compulsive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients diagnosed with depression experience OCD?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is OCD more common in women in adulthood and more common in men in childhood?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CBT stand for in the context of OCD?

    <p>Cognitive Behavior Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fruit of pathological preoccupation with one's own looks called? Body __________ disorder

    <p>dysmorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following related disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Hoarding disorder = Persistent difficulty discarding possessions Trichotillomania = Recurrent hair pulling resulting in hair loss Excoriation = Recurrent picking of one's skin resulting in skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the worldwide 12-month prevalence of Bipolar II disorder?

    <p>0.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender differences play a role in the diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common psychotic symptoms?

    <p>Delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in thought and perception, leading to difficulties in recognizing _____

    <p>reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in children?

    <p>2-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms are associated with a Depressive Episode?

    <p>Decreased mood or lack of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder remits before ovulation in women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders have a __-fold increased risk among adult relatives.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are found to guide the episode-switching process in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two pharmacotherapy treatments for bipolar disorder?

    <p>Valproic acid and Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of disorganized thinking/speech in schizophrenia?

    <p>Variety of manifestations including childlike laughing and agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one manifestation of catatonic behavior in schizophrenia.

    <p>Waxy flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are usually more prominent than positive symptoms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a term used to describe diminished speech output in individuals with schizophrenia.

    <p>Alogia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of delusional disorder with their descriptions:

    <p>Erotomanic type = Belief of being in love Grandiose type = Belief in own greatness Jealous type = Belief of unfaithful spouse Persecutory type = Belief of being conspired against, spied, followed Somatic type = Involving bodily functions Mixed type = Without dominant theme Unspecified type = Referential without any dominant theme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specifiers for schizophrenia after a 1-year duration according to DSM V?

    <p>First episode, currently in acute episode; First episode, currently in partial remission; First episode, currently in full remission; Multiple episodes, currently in acute episode; Multiple episodes, currently in partial remission; Multiple episodes, currently in full remission; Continuous; Unspecified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the subtypes of schizophrenia that are no longer listed in DSM V?

    <p>Paranoid, Disorganized/Hebephrenic, Catatonic, Undifferentiated, Residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Schizoaffective disorder defined as in the DSM V?

    <p>An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode concurrent with schizophrenia major symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the concepts describe Schizoaffective disorder according to the Current Psychiatry Journal?

    <p>A type of mood disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Module Organization

    • Lecture: 30 hours, led by Dr. Marta Porębiak
    • Workshop: 24 hours, led by Dr. Marta Porębiak and Dr. Anna Braniecka
    • Attendance rules: up to 20% of absences allowed, above 50% of absences lead to failing the module

    Main Textbooks

    • Barlow, D.H., & Durand, V.M. (2015). Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach (7th Ed.)
    • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed.)
    • Kring, A.M., & Johnson, S.L. (2017). Abnormal Psychology (13th Ed.)

    Lecture Topics

    • Mental Health: Norms and Psychopathology
    • Assessing and Investigating Mental Disorders
    • Anxiety Disorders
    • Mood Disorders
    • Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
    • Personality Disorders
    • Disorders Related to Stress and Trauma
    • Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
    • Feeding and Eating Disorders
    • Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

    History of Psychopathology

    • Prehistoric Period: Animism (possession by spirits)
    • Ancient Greece and Rome: biological/physical explanation
    • Middle Ages: Animism & Satanism (possession by evil demons)
    • Renaissance: care of the insane improved
    • Early Modern Period: Animalism (insane as animals)
    • Moral Approach: dignity and care for the mentally ill

    Current Approach to Psychopathology and Treatment

    • Integration of psychogenic and biological approaches
    • Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy
    • Behavioural, Cognitive, Humanistic-Existential, and Psycho-Social approaches
    • Use of medication in psychiatry

    Continuum of Mental Health

    • Minimum level: mental health
    • Maximum level: mental disorder
    • Mental health and disorder as a continuum

    Etiology of Mental Disorders

    • Endogenous factors: genetics, predispositions within CNS
    • Somatogenic factors: originating in the body (e.g. somatic diseases)
    • Psychogenic factors: originating in the soul (e.g. disrupted psycho-social development)

    Abnormality and Mental Health

    • Abnormality: suffering, maladaptiveness, irrationality, unpredictability, and loss of control
    • Mental health: the absence of mental disorder

    Psychological Assessment of Psychopathology

    • Unspecific methods: talk, clinical interview, observation
    • Specific methods: standardized, normalized, objective, reliable, and valid tests
    • Intelligence tests, neuropsychological assessment, psychological inventories, and projective tests### Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders
    • Diagnosis: identification and naming of a mental health disorder
    • Importance of diagnosis:
      • Easy and shorthand communication between clinicians
      • Basis for scientific investigation in abnormal psychology
      • Enables treatment and insurance reimbursement
      • Systemic and healthcare value
    • Factors that may bias diagnosis:
      • Context: hospital setting vs. general population
      • Expectation: clinicians' expectations can influence diagnosis
      • Source credibility: influence of more experienced clinicians
      • Culture: culture-bound syndromes, e.g. Caribbean Ataque de nervios, Malaysian Koro

    Approaches to Diagnosing Abnormalities

    • Categorical approach: symptoms that occur together create a category (e.g. hallucinations and delusions → psychosis)
      • Old versions of DSM classifications (DSM-IV, ICD-10)
    • Dimensional approach: describes a person's functioning on specific dimensions, getting a profile (e.g. patient's level of depression, impulsivity, persistence)
      • New DSM-V classification attempts to join categorical and dimensional approaches
    • Examples of classifications:
      • ICD (WHO): International Classification of Diseases
      • DSM (APA): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

    DSM-IV and DSM-V

    • DSM-IV (1994): categorization of mental disorders, multi-axis approach
    • DSM-V (2013): integration of categorical and dimensional approaches, more nuanced assessment of mental disorders
      • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a spectrum, not separate disorders
      • Spectrum models preferred for hypothesis development and testing
      • Reduces the number of patients with "not otherwise specified" diagnoses

    Research Methods in Psychopathology

    • Clinical case history:
      • Advantages: simple, documentation of rare cases, source of hypotheses
      • Disadvantages: data based on past evidence, selectivity of memory, lack of repeatability
    • Scientific experimentation:
      • Advantages: studying causality and etiology, repeatable, uses experimental and control groups
      • Disadvantages: not close to natural environment, animal models don't fit human biology and inner life
    • Experiments of nature:
      • Advantages: studying impact of events in natural environment
      • Disadvantages: rare, not repeatable, retrospective bias
    • Comparative studies:
      • Advantages: step in understanding causality, compares 2 or more groups
      • Disadvantages: no final conclusions about causality
    • Correlational studies:
      • Advantages: measures relationship between 2 variables
      • Disadvantages: no conclusion about causality
    • Epidemiological studies:
      • Advantages: rates of disorders occurrence, comorbidity, lifetime prevalence

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Definition: experiencing anxiety as a symptom, becomes a disorder if it prevents normal functioning
    • Types of anxiety disorders:
      • Separation Anxiety Disorder
      • Selective Mutism
      • Specific Phobia
      • Social Anxiety Disorder
      • Panic Disorder
      • Agoraphobia
      • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
    • Facts about anxiety disorders:
      • More common in females than males
      • Develop in childhood and progress into adulthood if not treated
      • High comorbidity with other mental disorders### Anxiety Disorders
    • Panic Disorder:
      • Recurrent experience of panic attacks and worries about having more panic attacks or consequences of the panic attacks
      • Panic attacks: emotional, physical, and cognitive symptoms that reach a peak within minutes
      • Limited-symptom panic attacks include fewer than four symptoms
      • Expected and unexpected triggers
    • Agoraphobia:
      • Fear of the marketplace
      • Fear and anxiety about two or more of the following situations:
        • Using public transportation
        • Being in open spaces
        • Being in enclosed places
        • Standing in line or being in a crowd
        • Being outside of the home alone
      • Cognitive level symptoms: thoughts that escape might be difficult or help might not be available
    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):
      • Persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about various domains
      • Physical symptoms, including restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
      • Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
      • Irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
      • Anxiety is not severe but present at almost all times
    • OCD:
      • Pathological intensity of unacceptable thoughts bringing anxiety and lowered mood
      • Beyond developmentally appropriate periods
      • Persistent and excessive
      • Obsessions: repetitive thoughts, images, urges, impulses, unwanted and intrusive
      • Compulsions: rigid behavioral rituals or mental acts repeated in response to obsessions
    • OCD Facts:
      • Comorbid with depression (67% of OCD patients suffer from depression)
      • Comorbid with anxiety disorder (76%)
      • Prevalence: 1.1-1.8% of adults internationally
      • Strong evidence for hereditary genetic factors
    • OCD Etiology:
      • Psychodynamic explanation: explains the origins
      • CBT: explains the persistence
      • Neuroscience: explains the brain changes

    Body Dysmorphic Disorder

    • Excessive pathological preoccupation with one's looks
    • Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects in physical appearance
    • Repetitive behaviors, such as mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, or reassurance seeking

    Hoarding Disorder

    • Pathological collecting
    • Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions
    • Strong need to save the items and to distress associated with discarding them
    • Results in the accumulation of a large number of possessions
    • Cluttering active living areas

    Trichotillomania and Excoriation

    • Trichotillomania: recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in hair loss
    • Excoriation: recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions
    • Both disorders: not triggered by obsessions or preoccupations
    • May be preceded or accompanied by anxiety or boredom
    • May lead to gratification, pleasure, or a sense of relief

    Mood Disorders

    • Depressive Disorders:
      • Depressive episode: period over 2 weeks of experiencing decreased mood, lost of pleasure and interest, weight loss or gain, sleeping disturbances, lack of energy, "S" thoughts
      • "Normal depression" vs. clinical depression
    • Depressive Disorders Facts:
      • Increase within recent 50 years
      • Used to have long recovery and treatment
      • 1 in 15 adults (6.7%) in any given year
      • 1 in six people (16.6%) at some time in their life
      • Women more affected than men
    • Suicide Risk:
      • Globally, one person dies every 40 seconds
      • One of the major causes of death
      • People who talk about killing themselves are more likely to kill themselves
      • 80% of those who are successful with S talk about it prior to their actions

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