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Questions and Answers
What is the pathological state when the respiratory system is unable to adequately provide oxygen to the body and is characterised by hypoxia without hypercapnia?
What law describes the volume-pressure relationship in pulmonary ventilation?
What is the end diastolic volume of a 45-year-old woman with an ejection fraction of 0.5 and an end systolic volume of 100 ml?
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?
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Which event is associated with the second heart sound?
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What condition at the S-A node will cause heart rate to decrease?
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What is characteristic of an audiogram of a person with conduction deafness?
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Which blood vessel has the greatest total cross-sectional area in the circulatory system?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for renal bicarbonate reabsorption linked with sodium reabsorption?
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What is the effect of angiotensin II on glomerular filtration rate?
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What facilitates inhalation in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following hormones affects Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and/or water reabsorption and/or K+ secretion by the renal tubules?
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What is the relationship between glomerular filtration rate and blood flow into the glomerular capillaries?
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What is the primary function of the otolithic membrane in the auditory system?
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What is the effect of prolonged exposure to very loud sounds on hearing?
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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about glomerular filtration rate?
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A decrease in which hormone is associated with diuresis without disturbing electrolyte levels?
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What is the correct order of structures encountered when making an incision from the abdominal cavity into the small intestine?
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Which of the following statements about gastric secretion and motility is TRUE?
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What hormone is released from the S cells of the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn in response to acidic chyme entering the duodenum?
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A decrease in which of the following hormones is associated with an increase in glomerular filtration rate?
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Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water and ions from the filtrate?
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What is the correct order of events in the regulation of gastric secretion and motility?
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What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
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Study Notes
Auditory System
- Conduction deafness: greater loss for air conduction than bone conduction of sound
- Nerve deafness: greater loss for bone conduction than air conduction of sound
- Conduction deafness occurs when the physical structures that conduct sound into the cochlea are impaired
- Nerve deafness occurs when the cochlea or cochlear nerve is impaired
- Prolonged exposure to loud sounds is more likely to cause deafness for high-frequency sounds than low-frequency sounds
Auditory Anatomy
- The layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals that covers the otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule is called the otolith
Hormonal Regulation
- Angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and parathyroid hormone affect Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and/or water reabsorption and/or K+ secretion by the renal tubules
- Thyroid hormone does not affect Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and/or water reabsorption and/or K+ secretion by the renal tubules
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- GFR is directly related to the pressures that determine net filtration pressure
- Angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide help regulate GFR
- Mechanisms that regulate GFR work by adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus and by altering the glomerular capillary surface area available for filtration
- GFR increases when blood flow into the glomerular capillaries increases
- Normally, GFR increases very little when systemic blood pressure rises
Renal System
- The primary site for renal bicarbonate reabsorption linked with sodium reabsorption, under the influence of carbonic anhydrase, is in a specific nephron segment
- Surface tension of alveolar fluid facilitates inhalation
Respiratory System
- Type I respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system is unable to provide oxygen to the body and is characterized by hypoxia without hypercapnia
- Boyle's law describes the volume-pressure relationship in pulmonary ventilation
Cardiovascular System
- Ejection fraction is the proportion of blood ejected from the heart with each beat
- Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart releases acetylcholine at the parasympathetic nerve endings
- The second heart sound is associated with the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- Decreased potassium permeability at the S-A node will cause the heart rate to decrease
Blood Vessels
- The total cross-sectional area of the circulatory system is greatest in the capillaries
Hormonal Regulation of Diuresis
- Atrial natriuretic peptide is best associated with diuresis without disturbing electrolyte levels (aquaresis)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Regulation
- Decreased arteriolar resistance is associated with an increase in GFR
- Increased plasma oncotic pressure and altered Bowman's space pressure do not necessarily predict an increase in GFR
Intestinal Layers
- The order of intestinal layers from the abdominal cavity into the small intestine is: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, lamina propria, and epithelium
Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility
- The cephalic phase of gastric activity begins with the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
- The gastric phase begins when food enters the stomach
- Stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach trigger the flow of gastric juice and peristalsis
- The intestinal phase reflexes inhibit gastric activity
Hormonal Regulation of Gastric Secretion
- Acidic chyme entering the duodenum stimulates the release of a hormone from the S cells of the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn
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