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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between an acute wound and a chronic wound?

  • The severity of the wound
  • The duration of the wound (correct)
  • The age of the patient
  • The type of wound dressing used

    • What is the main cause of Arterial ulcers?

  • Neuropathy
  • Pressure sores
  • Arterial insufficiency (correct)
  • Venous insufficiency

    • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing a pressure ulcer?

  • Old age
  • Diabetes
  • Smoking (correct)
  • Immobility

    • What is the primary goal of surgical debridement in wound care?

    <p>To remove dead tissue and promote healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of pressure ulcer is characterized by full-thickness skin and tissue loss?

    <p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which pressure ulcers develop?

    <p>Shearing forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common area for pressure ulcer development?

    <p>Heels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antimicrobial therapy in wound care?

    <p>To reduce wound bacterial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of debridement in wound healing?

    <p>To shorten the inflammatory phase of wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is used to decrease the bacterial concentration within the wound bed?

    <p>Debridement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-invasive treatment option for wound management?

    <p>Hyperbaric oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of computer-based software in wound measurement?

    <p>It is relatively easy and accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of wound dressing in wound management?

    <p>To promote wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using antibiotic therapy in wound management?

    <p>It decreases the bacterial concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing sensory integrity in wound management?

    <p>To assess sensory integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of debridement in wound healing?

    <p>It eliminates the physical barrier to wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement used to calculate the surface area of a wound using the tracing method?

    <p>1 mm²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of the volumetric measurement method?

    <p>Wound contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of tunneling in wound management?

    <p>Caused by the destruction of subcutaneous tissue in a linear fashion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of tunneling in wound management?

    <p>Abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between tunneling and undermining in wound management?

    <p>Tunneling occurs in a linear fashion, while undermining occurs in multiple directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is most susceptible to inaccuracy in the presence of a skin fold?

    <p>Tracing method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cathodal stimulation on infected wounds?

    <p>Reduces wound bioburden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for electrical stimulation?

    <p>80-125 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for ultrasound in wound management?

    <p>Untreated osteomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical stimulation on wound healing?

    <p>Combats infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended polarity for promoting granulation tissue formation?

    <p>Anodal stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ultrasound on wound healing?

    <p>Enhances all three phases of wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general precaution for ultrasound in wound management?

    <p>General precautions for ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for electrical stimulation?

    <p>45-60 minutes, 3-7 days per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of low-level laser therapy on cell proliferation in wound management?

    <p>Increased proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage for low-level laser therapy in wound management?

    <p>1-4J/cm2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of low-level laser therapy on wound contraction?

    <p>Faster wound contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of low-level laser therapy on collagen synthesis in wound management?

    <p>Increased collagen synthesis, organization, and maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contraindication for low-level laser therapy in wound management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating energy in low-level laser therapy?

    <p>Energy (Joule) = effect (Watt) * time (seconds)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Wounds

    • Wounds can be classified into acute and chronic wounds
    • Acute wounds occur within the last 4-6 weeks and are caused by endogenous mechanisms related to a predisposing condition or risk factors
    • Chronic wounds are present for longer than 6 weeks and are caused by underlying pathology or risk factors

    Characteristics of Chronic Wounds

    • Chronic wounds are caused by factors such as local infection, foreign bodies, and missed underlying pathology
    • Chronic wounds are characterized by a predictable time frame for healing, but require more significant intervention
    • Examples of chronic wounds include leg/foot ulcers and pressure sores, which are often caused by arterial, vascular insufficiency or neuropathy

    Types of Ulcers

    • Arterial ulcers are caused by arterial insufficiency
    • Venous ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency
    • Pressure ulcers are caused by pressure and shear forces
    • Neuropathic ulcers are caused by nerve damage

    Pressure Ulcers

    • Pressure ulcers are common in areas such as the sacrum, heel, and elbow
    • Pressure ulcers can be caused by shear forces, which can lead to ulceration
    • Interdisciplinary prevention of pressure ulcers involves a team approach to prevention and treatment

    Stages of Pressure Ulcers

    • Stage 1: intact skin with non-blanchable erythema
    • Stage 2: partial-thickness loss of skin
    • Stage 3: full-thickness loss of skin and subcutaneous tissue
    • Stage 4: full-thickness loss of skin and tissue with extensive damage

    Wound Measurement

    • Tracing method: uses a grid to calculate the surface area of the wound
    • Volumetric measurement: uses dental impression material or silicone molding to measure the volume of the wound
    • Photographic measurement: uses computer-based software to measure the surface area or volume of the wound
    • Tunneling and undermining: tunneling is a channel that extends from the wound base, while undermining occurs when tissue under the wound edges becomes eroded

    Assessment of Sensory Integrity

    • Assessment of sensory integrity is important for managing chronic wounds

    Treatment Options for Chronic Wounds

    • Invasive options: compression bandaging, negative pressure wound therapy
    • Non-invasive options: electrical stimulation, ultrasound, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antibiotic therapy, wound dressing, wound debridement, skin substitute therapy, polarized light therapy, and low-level laser therapy

    Debridement

    • Purpose: decrease bacterial concentration, increase effectiveness of topical antimicrobials, improve bactericidal activity of leukocytes, shorten the inflammatory phase, and eliminate the physical barrier to wound healing
    • Methods: surgical debridement, antimicrobial therapy, wound lavage

    Electrical Stimulation

    • Method: frequency 80-125 Hz, intensity 75-200 volts, polarity (cathodal or anodal)
    • Techniques: periwound technique, direct technique, immersion technique

    Ultrasound in Wound Management

    • Therapeutic effects: enhances wound healing, increases collagen deposition, and stimulates granulation tissue formation
    • Indications: adjunct for chronic wounds
    • Contraindications: untreated osteomyelitis, wounds with active bleeding, severe arterial insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis

    Low-Level Laser Therapy

    • Therapeutic effects: increases cell proliferation, decreases inflammation, stimulates growth factor production, and increases collagen synthesis
    • Indications: adjunct for all types of chronic wounds
    • Contraindications: eyes, pregnancy, photosensitive skin, nausea and vomiting, and fontanelles of growing children

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