Geology: Rock Cycle and Mineral Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the most abundant type of minerals found on the surface of the earth?

  • Carbonates
  • Halides
  • Silicates (correct)
  • Sulfates

    • What is calcium carbonate an example of?

  • A silicate mineral
  • A carbonate mineral (correct)
  • A sulfate mineral
  • A halide mineral

    • What is the characteristic that defines a mineral?

  • Its size and hardness
  • Its chemical composition and crystalline structure (correct)
  • Its color and shape
  • Its occurrence and location

    • What is the primary difference between rocks and minerals?

    <p>Rocks can take various shapes, while minerals have a defined crystalline structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rock cycle?

    <p>A process that creates and recycles rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are rocks categorized?

    <p>By the processes that create them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scientific model that shows how rocks can be created, changed, destroyed, and created over again?

    <p>The rock life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gypsum an example of?

    <p>A sulfate mineral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is halite an example of?

    <p>A halide mineral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of rocks and minerals?

    <p>They are always solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of sediments that form sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Weathered and eroded rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which rocks are formed from intense heat and pressure?

    <p>Metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of converting geological material from one rock type to another?

    <p>Rock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of intense heat and pressure on rocks?

    <p>Metamorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rocks that are formed from the accumulation of sediments over time?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of tectonic plates that can cause magma to form?

    <p>Subduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in temperature with depth in the Earth's crust?

    <p>Geothermal gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cooling and solidification of lava?

    <p>Extrusive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles?

    <p>Weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to magma when it accumulates in magma chambers?

    <p>It erupts as lava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock is formed when magma solidifies beneath Earth's surface?

    <p>Intrusive igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a large igneous body that cools and solidifies near the Earth's surface?

    <p>Pluton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern?

    <p>Crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of magma cooling and solidifying into different igneous rocks?

    <p>Magmatic differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the texture of igneous rocks?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?

    <p>Coarse-grained and rough-textured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rocks formed from magma that did not reach the Earth's surface?

    <p>Plutonic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of crystallization of magma upon cooling?

    <p>Bowen's reaction series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Extrusive igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rocks have a coarse-grained texture due to slow cooling underground?

    <p>Intrusive rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between felsic and mafic rocks?

    <p>Mineral content and density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rocks have a porphyritic texture?

    <p>Both intrusive and extrusive rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of quartz?

    <p>Silicon and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rocks have a silica content of less than 45%?

    <p>Ultramafic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ultramafic rocks in terms of color?

    <p>They range from black to olive green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do intrusive rocks have a phaneritic texture?

    <p>Because they cool slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between ultramafic and mafic rocks?

    <p>Silica content and color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rocks are classified based on their mineral content?

    <p>Igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of mafic rocks in terms of density?

    <p>They are dense in density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sediments when they are lithified?

    <p>They create a sedimentary rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's rock-making processes?

    <p>The Sun's energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

    <p>Their location of formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of most minerals found on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Silicates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process converts geological material from one rock type to another?

    <p>The rock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of intense heat and pressure on rocks?

    <p>Metamorphic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of non-silicate mineral is composed of a halide ion?

    <p>Halides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between rocks and minerals?

    <p>Minerals have a defined crystalline structure while rocks can take on various shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of metamorphic rocks compared to sedimentary rocks?

    <p>They are denser and harder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are minerals classified?

    <p>By their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and visual traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in the formation of magma?

    <p>It decreases the melting point of rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the rock cycle?

    <p>To show how rocks can be created and destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geothermal gradient?

    <p>The increase in temperature with depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of molten rock?

    <p>Igneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to rocks when they are exposed to weathering and erosion?

    <p>They are broken down into smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the three types of rocks that are made or recycled in nature?

    <p>Rock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of plate subduction?

    <p>The formation of magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that defines a mineral?

    <p>A specific crystalline structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the classification of rocks?

    <p>To determine the process that created the rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cooling and solidification of magma?

    <p>Igneous rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which magma cools and solidifies into igneous rocks?

    <p>Crystallization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are formed when magma solidifies beneath Earth's surface?

    <p>Intrusive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a large igneous body that cools and solidifies near the Earth's surface?

    <p>Pluton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?

    <p>Coarse-grained texture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where magma cools and solidifies into different igneous rocks?

    <p>Magmatic differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Extrusive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the texture of igneous rocks?

    <p>Rate of cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bowen's reaction series?

    <p>A process of crystallization of magma upon cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rocks formed from magma that did not reach the Earth's surface?

    <p>Plutonic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface?

    <p>Extrusive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a porphyritic texture?

    <p>Large crystals are scattered throughout a finer-grained groundmass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do intrusive rocks have a coarse-grained texture?

    <p>Because they cool slowly underground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of felsic rocks?

    <p>They are light in color and contain a large amount of feldspar and quartz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ultramafic rocks?

    <p>They are black or olive green and have a low silica content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the texture of an igneous rock?

    <p>The rate of cooling of the magma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of mafic rocks?

    <p>They are dark in color and dense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks have a phaneritic texture?

    <p>Intrusive rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of quartz?

    <p>Oxygen and silicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are igneous rocks classified?

    <p>According to their mineral content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks have a silica content of less than 45%?

    <p>Ultramafic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Rock Cycle

    • Rocks are part of the rock cycle, which creates and recycles rock through geological time and processes.
    • The rock cycle represents how rocks can exist and change through geological time and processes.

    Rocks vs. Minerals

    • Rocks usually contain minerals, but some do not, and minerals are made from atoms.
    • Minerals have a defined crystalline structure, while rocks can take on various shapes.

    Mineral Classification

    • Minerals are classified by their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and various distinguishing visual traits.

    Rock Types

    • Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma).
    • Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments over time.
    • Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.

    Igneous Rocks

    • Igneous rocks are classified into two types: intrusive (formed below the Earth's surface) and extrusive (formed on top of the Earth's surface).
    • Examples of igneous rocks include granite (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive).

    Sedimentary Rocks

    • Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments that are compacted or cemented over time.
    • Examples of sedimentary rocks include siltstone, limestone, and sea salt.

    Metamorphic Rocks

    • Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.
    • Examples of metamorphic rocks include slate and phyllite (foliated) and marble (unfoliated).

    Magma and Lava

    • Magma exists within the Earth's crust and upper mantle, and is referred to as lava once it reaches the surface of the Earth.
    • Magma can form in a few scenarios that create the criteria to melt rock, including the geothermal gradient and the presence of water.

    Igneous Rock Formation

    • Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies either above or below the Earth's surface.
    • Crystallization is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice.

    Bowen's Reaction Series

    • Bowen's reaction series explains the crystallization of magma upon cooling, with minerals following two sequences: discontinuous and continuous.

    Magmatic Differentiation

    • Magmatic differentiation is the process explaining how different igneous rocks can form from single magma melts.
    • During this process, crystals that have solidified within the magma tend to sink because they become denser compared to surrounding magma.

    Rock Cycle

    • Rocks are part of the rock cycle, which creates and recycles rock through geological time and processes.
    • The rock cycle represents how rocks can exist and change through geological time and processes.

    Rocks vs. Minerals

    • Rocks usually contain minerals, but some do not, and minerals are made from atoms.
    • Minerals have a defined crystalline structure, while rocks can take on various shapes.

    Mineral Classification

    • Minerals are classified by their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and various distinguishing visual traits.

    Rock Types

    • Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma).
    • Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments over time.
    • Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.

    Igneous Rocks

    • Igneous rocks are classified into two types: intrusive (formed below the Earth's surface) and extrusive (formed on top of the Earth's surface).
    • Examples of igneous rocks include granite (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive).

    Sedimentary Rocks

    • Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments that are compacted or cemented over time.
    • Examples of sedimentary rocks include siltstone, limestone, and sea salt.

    Metamorphic Rocks

    • Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.
    • Examples of metamorphic rocks include slate and phyllite (foliated) and marble (unfoliated).

    Magma and Lava

    • Magma exists within the Earth's crust and upper mantle, and is referred to as lava once it reaches the surface of the Earth.
    • Magma can form in a few scenarios that create the criteria to melt rock, including the geothermal gradient and the presence of water.

    Igneous Rock Formation

    • Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies either above or below the Earth's surface.
    • Crystallization is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice.

    Bowen's Reaction Series

    • Bowen's reaction series explains the crystallization of magma upon cooling, with minerals following two sequences: discontinuous and continuous.

    Magmatic Differentiation

    • Magmatic differentiation is the process explaining how different igneous rocks can form from single magma melts.
    • During this process, crystals that have solidified within the magma tend to sink because they become denser compared to surrounding magma.

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    Explore the rock cycle and learn about the differences between rocks and minerals, including their classification and composition.

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