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Questions and Answers
What is the most abundant type of minerals found on the surface of the earth?
What is the most abundant type of minerals found on the surface of the earth?
- Carbonates
- Halides
- Silicates (correct)
- Sulfates
What is calcium carbonate an example of?
What is calcium carbonate an example of?
- A silicate mineral
- A carbonate mineral (correct)
- A sulfate mineral
- A halide mineral
What is the characteristic that defines a mineral?
What is the characteristic that defines a mineral?
- Its size and hardness
- Its chemical composition and crystalline structure (correct)
- Its color and shape
- Its occurrence and location
What is the primary difference between rocks and minerals?
What is the primary difference between rocks and minerals?
What is the rock cycle?
What is the rock cycle?
How are rocks categorized?
How are rocks categorized?
What is the name of the scientific model that shows how rocks can be created, changed, destroyed, and created over again?
What is the name of the scientific model that shows how rocks can be created, changed, destroyed, and created over again?
What is gypsum an example of?
What is gypsum an example of?
What is halite an example of?
What is halite an example of?
What is the common characteristic of rocks and minerals?
What is the common characteristic of rocks and minerals?
What is the primary source of sediments that form sedimentary rocks?
What is the primary source of sediments that form sedimentary rocks?
What is the process by which rocks are formed from intense heat and pressure?
What is the process by which rocks are formed from intense heat and pressure?
What type of rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock?
What type of rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock?
What is the term for the process of converting geological material from one rock type to another?
What is the term for the process of converting geological material from one rock type to another?
What is the result of intense heat and pressure on rocks?
What is the result of intense heat and pressure on rocks?
What is the term for rocks that are formed from the accumulation of sediments over time?
What is the term for rocks that are formed from the accumulation of sediments over time?
What is the term for the movement of tectonic plates that can cause magma to form?
What is the term for the movement of tectonic plates that can cause magma to form?
What is the term for the increase in temperature with depth in the Earth's crust?
What is the term for the increase in temperature with depth in the Earth's crust?
What is the result of the cooling and solidification of lava?
What is the result of the cooling and solidification of lava?
What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles?
What is the term for the process of breaking down rocks into smaller particles?
What happens to magma when it accumulates in magma chambers?
What happens to magma when it accumulates in magma chambers?
What type of rock is formed when magma solidifies beneath Earth's surface?
What type of rock is formed when magma solidifies beneath Earth's surface?
What is the term for a large igneous body that cools and solidifies near the Earth's surface?
What is the term for a large igneous body that cools and solidifies near the Earth's surface?
What is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern?
What is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern?
What is the term for the process of magma cooling and solidifying into different igneous rocks?
What is the term for the process of magma cooling and solidifying into different igneous rocks?
What determines the texture of igneous rocks?
What determines the texture of igneous rocks?
What is the characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?
What is the characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?
What is the term for rocks formed from magma that did not reach the Earth's surface?
What is the term for rocks formed from magma that did not reach the Earth's surface?
What is the term for the process of crystallization of magma upon cooling?
What is the term for the process of crystallization of magma upon cooling?
What is the result of the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface?
What is the result of the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface?
Which type of rocks have a coarse-grained texture due to slow cooling underground?
Which type of rocks have a coarse-grained texture due to slow cooling underground?
What is the main difference between felsic and mafic rocks?
What is the main difference between felsic and mafic rocks?
Which type of rocks have a porphyritic texture?
Which type of rocks have a porphyritic texture?
What is the main component of quartz?
What is the main component of quartz?
Which type of rocks have a silica content of less than 45%?
Which type of rocks have a silica content of less than 45%?
What is the characteristic of ultramafic rocks in terms of color?
What is the characteristic of ultramafic rocks in terms of color?
Why do intrusive rocks have a phaneritic texture?
Why do intrusive rocks have a phaneritic texture?
What is the main difference between ultramafic and mafic rocks?
What is the main difference between ultramafic and mafic rocks?
Which type of rocks are classified based on their mineral content?
Which type of rocks are classified based on their mineral content?
What is the characteristic of mafic rocks in terms of density?
What is the characteristic of mafic rocks in terms of density?
What happens to sediments when they are lithified?
What happens to sediments when they are lithified?
What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's rock-making processes?
What is the primary source of energy for the Earth's rock-making processes?
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
What is the primary composition of most minerals found on the Earth's surface?
What is the primary composition of most minerals found on the Earth's surface?
What process converts geological material from one rock type to another?
What process converts geological material from one rock type to another?
What is the result of intense heat and pressure on rocks?
What is the result of intense heat and pressure on rocks?
Which type of non-silicate mineral is composed of a halide ion?
Which type of non-silicate mineral is composed of a halide ion?
What is the difference between rocks and minerals?
What is the difference between rocks and minerals?
What is the characteristic of metamorphic rocks compared to sedimentary rocks?
What is the characteristic of metamorphic rocks compared to sedimentary rocks?
How are minerals classified?
How are minerals classified?
What is the role of water in the formation of magma?
What is the role of water in the formation of magma?
What is the purpose of the rock cycle?
What is the purpose of the rock cycle?
What is the geothermal gradient?
What is the geothermal gradient?
What type of rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of molten rock?
What type of rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of molten rock?
What happens to rocks when they are exposed to weathering and erosion?
What happens to rocks when they are exposed to weathering and erosion?
What is the term for the three types of rocks that are made or recycled in nature?
What is the term for the three types of rocks that are made or recycled in nature?
What is the result of plate subduction?
What is the result of plate subduction?
What is the characteristic that defines a mineral?
What is the characteristic that defines a mineral?
What is the purpose of the classification of rocks?
What is the purpose of the classification of rocks?
What is the result of the cooling and solidification of magma?
What is the result of the cooling and solidification of magma?
What is the process by which magma cools and solidifies into igneous rocks?
What is the process by which magma cools and solidifies into igneous rocks?
What type of rocks are formed when magma solidifies beneath Earth's surface?
What type of rocks are formed when magma solidifies beneath Earth's surface?
What is the term for a large igneous body that cools and solidifies near the Earth's surface?
What is the term for a large igneous body that cools and solidifies near the Earth's surface?
What is the characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?
What is the characteristic of intrusive igneous rocks?
What is the process where magma cools and solidifies into different igneous rocks?
What is the process where magma cools and solidifies into different igneous rocks?
What type of rocks are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface?
What type of rocks are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface?
What determines the texture of igneous rocks?
What determines the texture of igneous rocks?
What is Bowen's reaction series?
What is Bowen's reaction series?
What is the term for rocks formed from magma that did not reach the Earth's surface?
What is the term for rocks formed from magma that did not reach the Earth's surface?
What is the result of the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface?
What is the result of the cooling of lava on the Earth's surface?
What is the characteristic of a porphyritic texture?
What is the characteristic of a porphyritic texture?
Why do intrusive rocks have a coarse-grained texture?
Why do intrusive rocks have a coarse-grained texture?
What is the characteristic of felsic rocks?
What is the characteristic of felsic rocks?
What is the characteristic of ultramafic rocks?
What is the characteristic of ultramafic rocks?
What determines the texture of an igneous rock?
What determines the texture of an igneous rock?
What is the characteristic of mafic rocks?
What is the characteristic of mafic rocks?
What type of rocks have a phaneritic texture?
What type of rocks have a phaneritic texture?
What is the main component of quartz?
What is the main component of quartz?
How are igneous rocks classified?
How are igneous rocks classified?
What type of rocks have a silica content of less than 45%?
What type of rocks have a silica content of less than 45%?
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Study Notes
Rock Cycle
- Rocks are part of the rock cycle, which creates and recycles rock through geological time and processes.
- The rock cycle represents how rocks can exist and change through geological time and processes.
Rocks vs. Minerals
- Rocks usually contain minerals, but some do not, and minerals are made from atoms.
- Minerals have a defined crystalline structure, while rocks can take on various shapes.
Mineral Classification
- Minerals are classified by their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and various distinguishing visual traits.
Rock Types
- Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma).
- Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments over time.
- Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.
Igneous Rocks
- Igneous rocks are classified into two types: intrusive (formed below the Earth's surface) and extrusive (formed on top of the Earth's surface).
- Examples of igneous rocks include granite (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive).
Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments that are compacted or cemented over time.
- Examples of sedimentary rocks include siltstone, limestone, and sea salt.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.
- Examples of metamorphic rocks include slate and phyllite (foliated) and marble (unfoliated).
Magma and Lava
- Magma exists within the Earth's crust and upper mantle, and is referred to as lava once it reaches the surface of the Earth.
- Magma can form in a few scenarios that create the criteria to melt rock, including the geothermal gradient and the presence of water.
Igneous Rock Formation
- Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies either above or below the Earth's surface.
- Crystallization is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice.
Bowen's Reaction Series
- Bowen's reaction series explains the crystallization of magma upon cooling, with minerals following two sequences: discontinuous and continuous.
Magmatic Differentiation
- Magmatic differentiation is the process explaining how different igneous rocks can form from single magma melts.
- During this process, crystals that have solidified within the magma tend to sink because they become denser compared to surrounding magma.
Rock Cycle
- Rocks are part of the rock cycle, which creates and recycles rock through geological time and processes.
- The rock cycle represents how rocks can exist and change through geological time and processes.
Rocks vs. Minerals
- Rocks usually contain minerals, but some do not, and minerals are made from atoms.
- Minerals have a defined crystalline structure, while rocks can take on various shapes.
Mineral Classification
- Minerals are classified by their chemical composition, crystalline structure, and various distinguishing visual traits.
Rock Types
- Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma).
- Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments over time.
- Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.
Igneous Rocks
- Igneous rocks are classified into two types: intrusive (formed below the Earth's surface) and extrusive (formed on top of the Earth's surface).
- Examples of igneous rocks include granite (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive).
Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments that are compacted or cemented over time.
- Examples of sedimentary rocks include siltstone, limestone, and sea salt.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks are formed from other types of rocks when exposed to high heat and pressure.
- Examples of metamorphic rocks include slate and phyllite (foliated) and marble (unfoliated).
Magma and Lava
- Magma exists within the Earth's crust and upper mantle, and is referred to as lava once it reaches the surface of the Earth.
- Magma can form in a few scenarios that create the criteria to melt rock, including the geothermal gradient and the presence of water.
Igneous Rock Formation
- Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies either above or below the Earth's surface.
- Crystallization is the process where atoms or molecules arrange into a defined repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice.
Bowen's Reaction Series
- Bowen's reaction series explains the crystallization of magma upon cooling, with minerals following two sequences: discontinuous and continuous.
Magmatic Differentiation
- Magmatic differentiation is the process explaining how different igneous rocks can form from single magma melts.
- During this process, crystals that have solidified within the magma tend to sink because they become denser compared to surrounding magma.
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