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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for phase separation between organic and inorganic components?
What determines the structure, connectivity, and morphology of the final inorganic network?
What is the primary method for controlling the growth of hydroxo-oxo-polymers?
What is the resulting product of conventional sol-gel pathways?
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What is the purpose of using bifunctional monomers?
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Study Notes
Hybrid Materials
- Can be broadly classified into two main classes based on the nature of bonds and interactions between organic and inorganic components
- Class I hybrids: no covalent or iono-covalent bonds between organic and inorganic components; only Van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, or electrostatic forces are present
- Class II hybrids: at least parts of organic and inorganic components are linked through strong covalent or iono-covalent bonds
Condensation Reactions
- Oxolation: leads to an oxo bridge; water or alcohol is eliminated
- Olation: an addition reaction that forms a hydroxo bridge
- Metal centers can have coordination higher than their valence, leading to the growth of structures and aggregation
Hybrid Materials Synthesis Strategies
- Path A: soft chemistry-based routes, including conventional sol-gel chemistry, use of specific bridged and polyfunctional precursors, and hydrothermal synthesis
- Path B: assembling or dispersing well-defined nanobuilding blocks (NBB) that keep their integrity in the final material
Sol-Gel Processing
- Inorganic framework is built by successive hydrolysis and condensation reactions
- Structure, connectivity, and morphology of the final inorganic network depend on the relative contribution of reactions
Control of Hybrid Materials
- Chemical control of activation/polymerization reactions allows tuning of size, shape, and miscibility of inorganic polymers or colloids with organic counterparts
- Functional precursors can be used to co-condense with metal alkoxide or halide precursors or modify the surface of inorganic entities
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