Questions and Answers
What type of cells surround the oocyte in a multilamellar follicle?
Which hormone stimulates the secretion of progestron and estrogen in multilamellar follicles?
What is the characteristic feature of secondary follicles?
What is the largest type of follicle in the ovary?
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What is the process of releasing the secondary oocyte from the graafian follicle?
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What is the outermost layer of the ovarian follicle that surrounds the primary oocyte?
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How many eggs are released by the ovaries every month until a certain age?
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What is formed from the remnants of the graafian follicle after ovulation?
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What is the function of the hilus cells in the ovarian medulla?
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What is the main function of the corpus luteum?
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Which cells differentiate into theca interna and externa in secondary follicles?
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What is the consequence of an increase in androgens in males?
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What are the four developmental stages of ovarian follicles?
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What is the composition of the ovarian cortex?
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What is the function of the zona pellucida?
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How many layers of follicular cells surround the primary oocyte in a multilaminar primary follicle?
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What type of epithelium lines the lower cervix?
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What is the main function of the epididymis?
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What type of muscle is present in the vas deferens?
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What is the epithelium lining the vagina?
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What is the epithelium lining the ejaculatory duct?
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What type of epithelium covers the penis?
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What is the primary function of the oviducts?
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What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the oviduct?
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What is the function of peg cells in the oviduct?
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What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
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What is the function of the basal layer of the endometrium?
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What is the characteristic of the middle circular layer of the myometrium?
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What is the change that occurs in the uterine muscles during pregnancy?
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What type of epithelium lines the upper cervix (endocervix)?
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Study Notes
Female External Genitalia
- Ovaries are covered by germinal epithelium and divided into cortex and medulla.
- Ovarian cortex is composed of ovarian follicles in various stages of development.
- Ovarian medulla is a richly vascularized fibroelastic connective tissue and hilus cells that secrete androgens.
- If androgens increase in males, it will lead to sterility.
Ovarian Follicles
- Ovarian follicles evolve through four developmental stages: primordial, primary, secondary, and Graafian follicles.
- Primordial follicles are composed of a single layer of flattened follicular cells that surround the primary oocyte.
- Primary follicles have two types: unilaminar and multilaminar, depending on the number of layers of follicular cells that surround the primary oocyte.
- Multilaminar follicle: the oocyte is surrounded by multiple layers of follicular (granulosa) cells, which secrete progestron and estrogen under FSH.
Secondary Follicle
- Secondary follicles are similar to primary follicles except for the presence of accumulations of liquor folliculi among the granulosa cells.
- Theca cells differentiate into theca interna and externa.
Graafian (Mature) Follicle
- Graafian follicles, also known as mature follicles, may be as large as the entire ovary.
- It is these follicles that undergo ovulation.
Ovulation
- The process of releasing the secondary oocyte from the Graafian follicle is known as ovulation.
- The corpus luteum, formed from the remnants of the Graafian follicle, is a temporary endocrine gland that manufactures and releases hormones that support the uterine endometrium.
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
- Oviducts act as a conduit for spermatozoa to reach the primary oocyte and to convey the fertilized egg to the uterus.
- The mucosa of oviduct is simple columnar epithelium partially ciliated and has two types of cells: columnar ciliated cells and peg cells.
Uterus
- The uterus is a muscular organ consisting of a fundus, body, and cervix.
- The uterine wall of the body and the fundus is composed of endometrium, myometrium, and adventitia or serosa.
- The endometrium consists of two layers: the superficial functional layer (shed during menstruation) and the deeper basal layer.
- The myometrium is composed of three smooth muscle layers: inner and outer longitudinal layers, and middle circular (stratum vascularis) which is a highly vascular layer.
Cervix
- Cervix is the terminal end of the uterus that protrudes to the vagina.
- The upper cervix (endocervix) is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that contains mucous-secreting cells.
- The lower cervix (ectocervix) is lined by a stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium.
Vagina
- Vagina is lined by a stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium.
Male External Genitalia
- The male external genitalia include the penis, urethra, and scrotum.
- The internal male genitalia include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbo-urethral glands, and ejaculatory ducts.
Duct of Epididymis
- Lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia that increase the apical surface area for absorption and storage of spermatozoa.
Vas Deferens
- Formed of smooth muscles that contract during ejaculation to convey spermatozoa to the ejaculatory duct.
Ejaculatory Duct
- Lined by folded simple columnar epithelium surrounded by connective tissue.
- No muscle in its wall.
The Penis
- Surrounded by erectile tissue.
- The penis is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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