Pharm Final Exam

Gastrointestinal Medications

• Crohn's Disease involves inflammation anywhere in the GI tract, characterized by patchy lesions.
• Ulcerative Colitis is marked by continuous inflammation of the colon, leading to superficial ulcerations.
• Cirrhosis involves the replacement of hepatocytes with fibrosis and is irreversible.
• Portal Hypertension is the increased blood pressure in the portal venous system.
• Jaundice indicates bilirubin buildup, leading to yellowing of the skin.
• Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.
• Esophageal Varices are dilated veins in the esophagus that carry a risk of rupture.
• GERD is the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus.
• Cholelithiasis is the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
• Biliary Colic presents as intermittent right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain due to temporary duct blockage.
• Cholecystitis is inflammation caused by prolonged cystic duct blockage.
• Gallstone Pancreatitis causes intense epigastric pain due to blocked ducts.
• Small Bowel Obstruction is a blockage typically caused by adhesions or hernias.
• Large Bowel Obstruction is often caused by colon cancer or volvulus.
• Viral Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, and recovery provides lifelong immunity.
• Viral Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood or sexual contact, and a vaccination is available.
• Viral Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood, has no vaccination, but is treatable.
• Celiac Disease is an immune reaction to gluten, resulting in villi destruction.
• Diverticulitis is the inflammation of colon outpouchings, leading to infection.
• Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneal cavity, often due to infection.
• Gastric Ulcers are ulcerations of the stomach lining, causing pain with eating.
• Duodenal Ulcers are ulcerations of the duodenum, with pain relieved by eating.
• An abdominal Hernia involves the protrusion of abdominal contents through weakened musculature.
• Pancreatitis involves the auto-digestion of the pancreas, frequently due to alcoholism.

Immunomodulators and Antineoplastic Agents

• Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that affects multiple body systems.

Antibiotics, Antifungals, and Antivirals

• HIV is a retrovirus that attacks CD4 T-helper cells.

Adrenergic and Cholinergic Drugs

• The sympathetic nervous system response increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Diuretics, IV Fluids, and Antidotes

• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) functions to reabsorb fluid, thereby reducing urinary output.
• RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) regulates blood volume and pressure.

Blood Thinners, Hematopoietic Agents, and Blood Products

• An Acute hemolytic reaction involves ABO incompatibility causing a severe transfusion reaction.

Pain, Inflammation, Substance Abuse, and Neurodegenerative Disorders

• Alzheimer's Disease involves amyloid plaques causing memory impairment.
• Parkinson's Disease results from the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain.
• Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), which affects signal transmission.
• Botulism is caused by a toxin leading to descending paralysis from food poisoning.
• Tetanus is characterized by muscle spasms due to a toxin blocking inhibitory nerves.

Bone and Skin Disorders

• Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that attacks joints and soft tissues.

Endocrine Drugs

• Cushing's syndrome is characterized by high cortisol levels, which stem from adrenal issues.
• Addison's disease involves low cortisol and aldosterone levels typically due to an autoimmune disorder.
• Hypothyroidism involves low metabolism, cold intolerance, and weight gain.
• Hyperthyroidism is marked by excess thyroid hormone, causing high metabolism.
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus is insulin-dependent due to beta cell destruction.
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance with gradual onset.

Blood Thinners, Hematopoietic Agents, and Blood Products

• Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin and microcytic red blood cell (RBC) appearance.
• Sickle cell anemia is characterized by RBC shape changes under stress or hypoxia.
• Aplastic anemia involves damage to stem cells, affecting all blood lines.
• Vitamin B12 deficiency presents with neurological symptoms along with classic anemia signs.

Reproductive System Medications

• Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
• Cervical Cancer is most commonly caused by HPV infection
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is an infection of the female reproductive organs
• Testicular Torsion is the twisting of blood supply to the testicles
• Cryptorchidism describes undescended testes, which can lead to infertility risk
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia involves prostate enlargement that causes urinary obstruction

Diuretics, IV Fluids, and Antidotes

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden decrease in kidney function.
  • Pre-renal AKI is caused by decreased renal blood flow.
  • Intra-renal AKI involves damage to renal architecture from drugs or disease.
  • Post-renal AKI is caused by obstruction of the urinary outflow system.
• Oliguric phase is defined as less than 400ml uring output in 24 hours
• Diuretic phase is defined as excessive urine output over 2-4 Liters daily
• Recovery phase is when urine output normalizes to 1-2 Liters daily
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) involves progressive renal damage that reduces glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
• Nephrotic Syndrome is glomerular damage causing protein loss.
• Hypoalbuminemia is decreased serum albumin leading to edema.
• Nephritic Syndrome is inflammation of glomeruli causing cola-colored urine.
• Lower UTI is a bladder infection with dysuria and urgency.
• Upper UTI is a kidney infection with systemic symptoms.
• Urinary Incontinence is the inability to control urine flow.
  • Stress Incontinence is leakage due to sphincter malfunction.
  • Urge Incontinence involves sudden urges due to detrusor overactivity.
  • Overflow Incontinence is chronic bladder distension causing retention.
• Nephrolithiasis refers to kidney stones that cause flank pain.

Immunomodulators and Antineoplastic Agents

• Active Immunity is immunity from infection or vaccination.
• Passive Immunity is immunity from maternal antibodies or transfusion.
• Signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
• Sepsis is a severe infection causing systemic inflammation.

Pain, Inflammation, Substance Abuse, and Neurodegenerative Disorders

• Nociceptive Pain originates from tissue damage, and can be somatic or visceral.
• Neuropathic Pain comes from nerve injury and is often described as burning or stabbing.

Cellular Alterations

• Cellular Injury causes structural changes from severe stress exposure.
• Hypoxia is a lack of oxygen that impacts cellular function.
• Calcium pump failure is a disruption in mitochondrial calcium regulation.
• Ribosomal dysfunction is impaired protein synthesis in cells.
• Plasma membrane integrity loss increases permeability leading to cellular damage.
• Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to stress.
• Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to disuse.
• Dysplasia is abnormal cell shape, often precancerous.
• Metaplasia is the change of one cell type to another.
• Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.
• Neoplasia is new, abnormal cell growth.

Immunomodulators and Antineoplastic Agents

• Benign tumors are slow-growing, non-invasive, and well-differentiated.
• Malignant tumors have rapid growth, are invasive, and capable of metastasis.
• Autonomy in cancer is uncontrolled growth independent of normal signals.
• Metastasis is the spread of cancer to distant organs.
• Anorexia (lack of appetite) is an early cancer warning sign.
• Cachexia is a wasting syndrome associated with cancer.
• Grading of cancer is the assessment of cell differentiation under a microscope.
• Staging of cancer determines the extent of the cancer's spread.

Genetics and Inheritance

• Nondisjunction errors are meiosis errors leading to abnormal chromosome numbers.
• Autosomal dominant inheritance requires one abnormal allele from one parent.
• Autosomal recessive inheritance requires two abnormal alleles for expression.
• X-linked recessive inheritance involves a single gene defect on a sex chromosome.

Musculoskeletal and Integumentary system

• Compartment syndrome involves high intra-compartmental pressure affecting circulation.