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Questions and Answers

What is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment?

  • Sensation (correct)
  • Perception
  • Receptor
  • Stimulus

    • Which type of sensory neuron carries information for only one modality?

  • General sensory neuron (correct)
  • Somatic sensory neuron
  • Visceral sensory neuron
  • Special sensory neuron

    • What is the term for the conscious interpretation of sensations?

  • Perception (correct)
  • Stimulus
  • Receptor
  • Sensation

    • Which type of sensory receptor is sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as touch and pressure?

    <p>Mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in receptor potential during a maintained, constant stimulus?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting changes in temperature?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sensory receptors that monitor conditions in the internal environment?

    <p>Interoceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting painful stimuli?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sensory receptors that provide information about equilibrium, body position, and muscle length?

    <p>Proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting chemicals in the mouth?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of fungiform papillae on the tongue?

    <p>Mushroom-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are foliate papillae located on the tongue?

    <p>On the lateral margins of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are found in filiform papillae?

    <p>Tactile receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many taste buds are found in each circumvallate papilla?

    <p>100-300</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of gustatory epithelial cells?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gustatory microvilli?

    <p>To project to the external surface through the taste pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sensations arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous tissue?

    <p>Somatic sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors are responsible for detecting sensations of itch and tickle?

    <p>Free nerve endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proprioceptors in the body?

    <p>To recognize body parts and their position in space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the receptors that detect changes in skeletal muscle length?

    <p>Muscle spindles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensations result from stimulation of lamellar and bulbous corpuscles?

    <p>Pressure sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the glands that produce mucus that helps to dissolve odorants in the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>Bowman's glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the olfactory epithelium in the nose?

    <p>To detect chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of receptor that detects sweet tastes?

    <p>Sweet receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensations arise from stimulation of free nerve endings in the skin?

    <p>Itch and tickle sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of receptor that detects amino acids and is responsible for the umami taste?

    <p>Umami receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gustatory epithelial cells?

    <p>To detect specific primary tastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Na+ channels in the physiology of gustation?

    <p>To depolarize gustatory epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of sour tastants entering gustatory epithelial cells?

    <p>Depolarization and liberation of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of IP3 in the physiology of gustation?

    <p>To cause depolarization of gustatory epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tastants interact with gustatory epithelial cells?

    <p>Through dissolution in saliva and contact with gustatory microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of each gustatory epithelial cell?

    <p>Responds to only one type of tastant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of continuous stimulation of gustatory epithelial cells?

    <p>Complete adaptation to a specific taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the threshold for bitter substances?

    <p>To protect against toxic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of G proteins in the physiology of gustation?

    <p>To activate enzymes that produce IP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction between tastants and gustatory epithelial cells?

    <p>Depolarization and release of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensory Physiology - Touch, Taste, and Smell

    Process of Sensation

    • Sensation: the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment
    • Perception: the conscious interpretation of sensations, primarily a function of the cerebral cortex
    • Each unique type of sensation (e.g., touch, pain, vision, or hearing) is called a sensory modality
    • Two types of sensory modalities: general senses (somatic and visceral) and special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium)

    Sensory Receptors

    • Classified based on microscopic structure, location, and type of stimulus detected
    • Types of sensory receptors:
      • Free nerve endings (detect pain, temperature, touch, and itch sensations)
      • Encapsulated nerve endings (detect pressure, vibration, and some touch sensations)
      • Separate cells (specialized cells that synapse with sensory neurons, e.g., olfactory sensory neurons)

    Location of Receptors

    • Exteroceptors: detect external stimuli, providing information about the external environment (e.g., hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain)
    • Interoceptors or visceroceptors: detect internal stimuli, monitoring conditions within the body (e.g., blood pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature)
    • Proprioceptors: detect changes in muscle length, tension, and joint position

    Type of Stimulus Detected

    • Mechanical energy (sound waves, pressure, vibration, and proprioception)
    • Electromagnetic energy (light and heat)
    • Chemical energy (taste, smell, and chemoreceptors)

    Adaptation

    • A characteristic of most sensory receptors, where the receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained stimulus
    • Causes the frequency of nerve impulses in the sensory neuron to decrease
    • Perception of a sensation may fade or disappear even though the stimulus persists

    Somatic Sensations

    • Arise from stimulation of sensory receptors embedded in the skin or subcutaneous tissue
    • Include tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle) and proprioceptive sensations (position, movement, and tension)

    Tactile Sensations

    • Include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle
    • Mediated by different types of encapsulated mechanoreceptors (e.g., Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel discs) and free nerve endings
    • Adaptation rates vary among receptors (rapidly adapting, slowly adapting, and non-adapting)

    Proprioception

    • Allows recognition of body parts and their position in space
    • Includes kinesthesia (perception of body movements) and weight discrimination
    • Mediated by proprioceptors embedded in muscles, tendons, and joints

    Olfactory System (Smell)

    • Detects chemical molecules in the air
    • Olfactory epithelium contains olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) with olfactory receptors
    • Each OSN expresses only one type of olfactory receptor
    • Binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein activates a G-protein signaling pathway, leading to a graded potential in the OSN

    Gustatory System (Taste)

    • Detects chemical molecules in food and drinks

    • Taste buds contain gustatory epithelial cells with gustatory microvilli (gustatory hairs) that project to the external surface through the taste pore

    • Five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami

    • Complex flavors are combinations of the five primary tastes### Gustatory System

    • Dendrites contact many gustatory epithelial cells in several taste buds.

    • Basal epithelial cells, which are stem cells, are found at the periphery of the taste bud near the connective tissue layer and produce new cells.

    Physiology of Gustation

    • Chemicals that stimulate gustatory epithelial cells are known as tastants.
    • Na+ enters gustatory epithelial cells via Na+ channels, causing depolarization and release of neurotransmitter.
    • G proteins activate enzymes that produce the second messenger inositol trisphosphate (IP3).
    • IP3 causes depolarization of the gustatory epithelial cell and release of neurotransmitter.
    • H+ in sour tastants flow into gustatory epithelial cells via H+ channels, causing depolarization and release of neurotransmitter.
    • Tastants dissolve in saliva and contact the plasma membranes of the gustatory microvilli, which are the sites of taste transduction.
    • This results in a depolarizing receptor potential, stimulating exocytosis of neurotransmitter, and triggers graded potentials and nerve impulses in the first-order sensory neurons that synapse with gustatory receptor cells.

    Gustatory Epithelial Cells

    • Individual gustatory epithelial cells respond to only one type of tastant.
    • Each gustatory epithelial cell is “tuned” to detect a specific primary taste.
    • Each taste bud contains gustatory epithelial cells for each type of tastant, allowing all primary tastes to be detected in all parts of the tongue.
    • Different tastes arise from activation of different combinations of gustatory epithelial cells.
    • The threshold for bitter substances, such as quinine, is lowest (high sensitivity) and may have a protective function.
    • Complete adaptation to a specific taste can occur in 1–5 minutes of continuous stimulation.

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    LEWIS_AHP_Sensory Physiology I_Touch, Taste and Smell_2024 (4).pptx

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