Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Pathophysiology and Etiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism leading to impaired gas exchange in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

  • Diffuse alveolar damage causing surfactant deficiency
  • Increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane (correct)
  • Inflammation leading to destruction of type II pneumocytes
  • Protein-rich edema causing compression of alveoli

    • Which of the following is a risk factor for developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

  • Asthma
  • Hypertension
  • Chronic alcohol abuse (correct)
  • Hyperlipidemia

    • What is the characteristic radiographic finding in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

  • Acute onset, bilateral opacities on CXR/CT (correct)
  • Pneumothorax
  • Bilateral pleural effusions
  • Unilateral opacities on CXR/CT

    • Which of the following is an example of indirect lung injury leading to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic laboratory finding in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

    <p>Hypoxemia refractory to oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In childhood, which gender is more likely to develop asthma?

    <p>Male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common allergen exposure that can trigger asthma?

    <p>Tobacco smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is used to identify specific allergens?

    <p>Skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does blood eosinophilia indicate in asthma patients?

    <p>Severe forms of asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in asthma diagnosis?

    <p>To assess severity of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spirometry measure during a pulmonary function test?

    <p>Air volume and flow rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a trigger for asthma exacerbations?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a chest radiograph (CXR) in asthma diagnosis?

    <p>To visualize air tapering in severe cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood?

    <p>Blood gas analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a host factor that contributes to asthma risk?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

    • Major cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients

    Pathophysiology

    • Diffuse alveolar damage leads to increased permeability
    • Increased permeability causes protein-rich edema
    • Protein-rich edema impairs gas exchange

    Etiology

    • Direct Lung Injury:
      • Pneumonia (bacterial, viral, aspiration)
      • Pulmonary contusion
      • Gastric aspiration
      • Inhalational injury (smoke, toxins)
    • Indirect Lung Injury:
      • Sepsis
      • Severe trauma (multiple fractures, burns)
      • Acute pancreatitis
      • Drug overdose/toxicity

    Risk Factors

    • Age > 65 years
    • Chronic alcohol abuse
    • Obesity
    • Chemotherapy (bleomycin)
    • Diabetes mellitus

    Clinical Presentations

    • Progressive dyspnea
    • Acute onset, bilateral opacities on CXR/CT
    • Hypoxemia refractory to O2 (P/F ratio)

    Risk Factors of Asthma

    • Host factors include genetics, with a higher risk of asthma in males during childhood and females during adulthood
    • Environmental factors that contribute to asthma include allergen exposure, respiratory infections, pollution, smoking, and occupational factors

    Triggers of Asthma

    • Respiratory infections
    • Physical activity
    • Hormonal fluctuations
    • Medications such as non-selective beta-blockers, aspirin, and other NSAIDs
    • Inhaled irritants like tobacco smoke, pollution, cold dry air, and hot humid air
    • Inhaled allergens

    Diagnosis of Asthma

    • Allergen testing through skin test to identify specific allergens
    • Complete Blood Count (CBC) to check for total and differential leucocytic count
    • Blood eosinophilia may indicate severe forms of asthma
    • Sputum examination to check for cellular content or pathogens
    • Chest Radiograph (CXR) to show air tapering in severe cases
    • Blood Gas Analysis to monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
    • Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to assess severity of the disease and monitor its course and treatment

    Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

    • Spirometry measures lung volume by recording the amount and rate of air breathed in and out over a specified time
    • Primary PFTs used in asthma diagnosis include forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC)
    • FEV1 is the volume of air forcefully exhaled in one second, approximately 3-4 L
    • FEV1 percentages:
      • 80% or above: normal
      • 60-80% predicted: mild
      • 50-60% predicted: moderate

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    Learn about the pathophysiology and etiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a major cause of respiratory failure in critically ill patients.

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