UNIT 1 - Chapter 2 - Short Answers Study

The transition from living in small, nomadic, hunter-gatherer bands to becoming villagers, temple builders, and even city dwellers.

The domestication of agricultural plants and then animals.

Olympian religion was based on a belief in the Olympian gods, favored by the privileged classes, whereas Dionysiac-Orphic religion was more mystical and focused on the belief of the soul's transmigration.

<p>A primary element or substance from which everything else is derived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that the world is made of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that the physis was something that had the capability of becoming anything, which he called the boundless or the indefinite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that fire was the physis because in the presence of fire, everything is transformed into something else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He proposed a rudimentary theory of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sophists believed that truth is relative and that no single 'Truth' exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socrates used a method called inductive definition, starting with instances of concepts like beauty, love, and justice, and asking what makes something beautiful, just, or true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato's theory of forms proposes that everything in the natural world is a manifestation of a pure form or idea that exists in the abstract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The analogy of the divided line illustrates a hierarchy of understanding, with the highest level being an understanding of the form of the good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The allegory of the cave represents individuals who confuse the shadowy world of sense experience with reality, and the prisoner who escapes represents the individual who seeks true knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato's reminiscence theory of knowledge proposes that all knowledge is innate and can be attained only through introspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed that essences existed and could be known by studying nature, unlike Plato who believed in innate knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That all change is an illusion and that there is only one reality, which is finite, uniform, motionless, and fixed and can be understood only through reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the basic explanation for everything in the universe is found in numbers and numerical relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socrates agreed with the Sophists that individual experience is important, but disagreed that no truth exists beyond personal opinion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phrase 'Know Thyself' emphasizes the importance of self-reflection and introspection in seeking knowledge and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earth, fire, air, and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infinite, indivisible elements that make up everything in the world, including humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato's theory of forms proposes that everything in the natural world is a manifestation of a pure form or idea that exists in the abstract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That all things are made of tiny, indivisible parts called atoms, and the differences among things are explained by the shape, size, number, location, and arrangement of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If everything is constantly changing, how can anything be known with certainty?</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zeno's paradox demonstrates that change is an illusion, by showing that an arrow can never reach its target, due to the infinite number of half-distances it must travel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temple medicine was based on superstition and magic, while Hippocratic medicine was based on natural causes and observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the body has the ability to heal itself, and that the physician's job is to facilitate this natural healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Material, Formal, Efficient, and Final causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To arouse pleasure in those who view it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate and synthesize sensory experience, making it more meaningful</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive reason involves practical application, while active reason seeks first principles and essences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To become an oak tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To engage in active reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dreams do not foretell the future, and any coincidence is just that</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doing what is natural, which for humans is to think rationally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living a life of moderation, avoiding excesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mean refers to the middle ground between two extremes, such as cowardice and foolhardiness in the case of courage, or abstinence and self-indulgence in the case of temperance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unmoved mover is seen as the cause of everything in nature, and is pure actuality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The law of contiguity refers to the tendency for events that are experienced together to be remembered together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Popper believes that science began when humans first began to question the stories they were told about themselves and the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This tradition allows for critical discussions between various schools and within one and the same school, leading to the realization that our knowledge is conjectural and open to improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The laws of association, including the law of contiguity, contrast, similarity, and frequency, influence how mental events are connected and remembered in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A life of moderation requires the rational control of one's appetites, and is seen as a key aspect of achieving virtues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Popper believes that our attempts to see and find the truth are not final, but open to improvement, and that criticism and critical discussion are our only means of getting nearer to the truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers