Anatomy: Introduction
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Questions and Answers

Which movement is represented by the arrow pointing downwards from the shoulder?

  • Flexion (correct)
  • Extension
  • Adduction
  • Abduction

    • What is the movement that brings the arm towards the body?

  • Abduction
  • Extension
  • Flexion
  • Adduction (correct)

    • What is the movement that moves the arm away from the body?

  • Abduction (correct)
  • Adduction
  • Extension
  • Flexion

    • What is the term for a structure that is located closer to the median plane of the body?

    <p>Medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is an example of a freely movable joint?

    <p>Shoulder joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction of flow towards a reference point?

    <p>Afferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a position on the same side as a reference point?

    <p>Ipsilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a structure that is located farther away from the median plane of the body?

    <p>Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction of flow away from a reference point?

    <p>Efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the position of the body when lying face downward?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline?

    <p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of medial rotation of a part of the body?

    <p>The anterior surface faces medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complex sequence of movements combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline?

    <p>Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lateral rotation of a part of the body?

    <p>The anterior surface faces laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the epidermis?

    <p>It is a stratified epithelium with cells that flatten as they mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the epidermis on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet?

    <p>It is extremely thick to withstand wear and tear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the forearm in pronation?

    <p>It faces posteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement that involves both rotation and circumduction?

    <p>Pronation and supination of the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pronation and supination of the forearm and the ankle?

    <p>They are different movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the superficial fascia also known as?

    <p>Subcutaneous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the dermis in women compared to men?

    <p>It is thinner in women than in men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement that involves plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion?

    <p>Pronation and supination of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe moving a body part forward?

    <p>Protraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the strong bands of fibrous tissue in the skin?

    <p>To firmly tether the skin to underlying structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe moving a body part backward?

    <p>Retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the skin at the temporomandibular joints?

    <p>It is firmly tethered to underlying structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the dorsal surface of the tips of the fingers and toes?

    <p>Dorsal surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the hair follicles and the dermis?

    <p>The hair follicles extend into the deeper part of the dermis or into the superficial fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hyaline cartilage that allows it to play a significant role in the growth of long bones?

    <p>High proportion of amorphous matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the perichondrium in cartilage?

    <p>It covers the cartilage except on the exposed surfaces in joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bony prominence situated just above the condyle?

    <p>Epicondyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage tends to calcify or ossify in later life?

    <p>Both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the expanded ends of bones that form joints?

    <p>Condyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bony prominence on the temporal bone?

    <p>Styloid process of the temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue is cartilage classified as?

    <p>Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are epiphyseal plates composed of?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for multiaxial movement?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is the major contributor to joint stability in most joints?

    <p>Tone of the muscles around the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is an example of an ellipsoid joint?

    <p>Radiocarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the elastic ligaments in the joints?

    <p>To assist in the return of bones to their original position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the articular surfaces in a saddle joint?

    <p>Reciprocally concave-convex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to joint stability by causing the bones to form a relatively stable relationship?

    <p>Morphology of the bony articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ligaments in joint stability?

    <p>To stabilize the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

    <p>Saddle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the more proximal, less mobile attachment of a skeletal muscle?

    <p>Origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is responsible for producing movements of the skeleton?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fleshy part of a muscle referred to as?

    <p>Belly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath?

    <p>Tenosynovitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the insertion of a muscle when it contracts?

    <p>It moves proximally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is exemplified by the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints?

    <p>Plane joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is represented by the radiocarpal part of the wrist joint?

    <p>Ellipsoid joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the law that describes the return of elastic ligaments to their original shape?

    <p>Hilton's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is exemplified by the metacarpophalangeal joint?

    <p>Condyloid joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the medial atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by a ball-shaped head that fits into a corresponding socket?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint that connects the trapezium and metacarpal bones of the thumb?

    <p>Carpometacarpal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is exemplified by the humeroulnar part of the elbow joint?

    <p>Hinge joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fixator muscles in the carpus?

    <p>To stabilize the wrist joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a muscle that is the chief muscle or member responsible for a particular movement?

    <p>Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the long flexor and extensor muscles of the fingers and the carpus?

    <p>They are able to work efficiently because of the fixed wrist joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do many muscles alter their roles during different movements?

    <p>By acting as an agonist, antagonist, fixator, or synergist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a muscle that works in opposition to the prime mover?

    <p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of elastic ligaments in joints?

    <p>To facilitate the regaining of original length after stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of joints that are prone to dislocation?

    <p>They have poor shape or lack of support by ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the loss of pain sensation in a joint?

    <p>The joint becomes more susceptible to destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that contributes to joint stability in most joints?

    <p>Ligamentous support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are affected by gonococcal arthritis?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ligamentum flavum in the vertebral column?

    <p>It is composed of elastic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sensation of pain in a joint?

    <p>Nociception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the joint examination in patients with certain diseases of the nervous system?

    <p>The sensation of pain is lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in joint stability?

    <p>To form a relatively stable relationship between the bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the temporomandibular joint?

    <p>It is susceptible to dislocation due to lack of ligamentous support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spinal level of the biceps brachii tendon reflex?

    <p>C5,6, and 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tendon reflex is used to assess the function of the SI and S2 spinal nerves?

    <p>Achilles tendon reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Achilles tendon reflex on blood pressure?

    <p>It lowers blood pressure by blocking sympathetic nerve endings and causing vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement involved in the Achilles tendon reflex?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the ankle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tendon reflexes is used to assess the function of the L2, 3, and 4 spinal nerves?

    <p>Ticeps tendon reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sudden contraction of a muscle in response to a sudden stretch?

    <p>Myotatic reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a deep tendon reflex?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the tendon reflexes in the diagnosis of neurological disorders?

    <p>They are used to assess the function of the spinal nerves and diagnose neurological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the tendon reflexes and the spinal nerves?

    <p>The tendon reflexes are used to assess the function of the spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sectioning the sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels in patients with severe arterial disease?

    <p>To enable adequate blood flow through the collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of anatomic end arteries?

    <p>They are the sole source of blood to a specific target area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general plan of the blood vascular system composed of?

    <p>Only arteries, veins, and capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sectioning the sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels on blood flow?

    <p>It produces vasodilation and enables adequate blood flow through the collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the blood vessels?

    <p>To modify blood flow through the blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sectioning the sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels sometimes necessary in patients with severe arterial disease?

    <p>To save the limb by enabling adequate blood flow through the collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of vasodilation in patients with severe arterial disease?

    <p>Adequate blood flow through the collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the sympathetic innervation and the blood vessels?

    <p>The sympathetic innervation can modify blood flow through the blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sectioning the sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels on the limb?

    <p>It saves the limb by enabling adequate blood flow through the collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to enable adequate blood flow through the collateral circulation in patients with severe arterial disease?

    <p>To save the limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomical Directions

    • Medial (internal) refers to a structure located near the midline of the body
    • Lateral (external) refers to a structure located farther away from the midline of the body
    • Superior (cranial; cephalic) refers to a higher level relative to the upper end of the body
    • Inferior (caudal) refers to a lower level relative to the lower end of the body
    • Ipsilateral refers to a position on the same side as a reference point
    • Contralateral refers to a position on the opposite side from a reference point

    Movements

    • Flexion: movement that decreases the angle between two bones
    • Extension: movement that increases the angle between two bones
    • Adduction: movement that brings a body part towards the midline
    • Abduction: movement that moves a body part away from the midline
    • Rotation: movement of a body part around its long axis
    • Medial rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially
    • Lateral rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally
    • Circumduction: complex sequence of movements combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
    • Pronation: turning the forearm medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
    • Supination: turning the forearm laterally so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly
    • Protraction: moving a body part forward
    • Retraction: moving a body part backward

    Body Positions

    • Prone position: lying face downward
    • Supine position: lying on the back

    Skin

    • Divided into two parts: epidermis and dermis
    • Epidermis: stratified epithelium with cells that flatten as they mature and rise to the surface
    • Dermis: composed of dense connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
    • Skin folds: areas where the skin is thinner and firmly tethered to underlying structures by strong bands of fibrous tissue
    • Appendages of the skin: nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

    Joints

    • Joint: a site where two or more bones articulate, or come together
    • Types of joints: no movement (e.g., sutures of the skull), slight movement (e.g., superior tibiofibular joint), and freely movable (e.g., shoulder joint)

    Bursae and Synovial Sheath Trauma and Infection

    • Bursae and synovial sheaths are prone to traumatic or infectious disease
    • Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa (e.g., prepatellar bursa, or "housemaid's knee")
    • Tenosynovitis is inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath (e.g., extensor tendon sheaths of the hand)
    • Notable tenosynovitis can lead to contracture of the synovial sheath and obstruct efficient sliding of the tendon

    Muscle

    • Three types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
    • Skeletal muscles:
      • Act to produce movements of the skeleton
      • Made up of striated muscle fibers
      • Have two or more attachments: origin (more proximal, less mobile) and insertion (more distal, more mobile)
      • Fleshy part of the muscle is referred to as its belly
      • When a muscle contracts, the insertion is drawn proximally toward the origin

    Cartilage

    • Form of connective tissue in which cells and fibers are embedded in a gel-like matrix
    • Fibers lend firmness and resilience
    • Perichondrium covers the cartilage except on exposed surfaces in joints
    • Three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and others
    • Hyaline cartilage has a high proportion of amorphous matrix and plays an important part in the growth of long bones

    Joints

    • Types of joints:
      • Ball-and-socket joint (e.g., glenohumeral joint, hip joint)
      • Ellipsoid joint (e.g., radiocarpal joint)
      • Saddle joint (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
      • Condyloid joint (e.g., metacarpophalangeal joint)
      • Hinge joint (e.g., humeroulnar part of the elbow joint)
      • Pivot joint (e.g., medial atlantoaxial joint)
      • Plane joint (e.g., sternoelavicular and acromioelavicular joints)
    • Stability of a joint depends on three main factors: morphology of the bony articular surfaces, ligaments, and tone of the muscles around the joint
    • Articular surfaces: shapes of the bones and their articulating surfaces cause the bones to form a relatively stable joint

    Muscle Action

    • Skeletal muscle action is the result of the coordinated action of many muscles
    • A muscle can work in four ways:
      • Agonist (prime mover): chief muscle or member of a group responsible for a particular movement
      • Antagonist: opposes the action of an agonist
      • Fixator: stabilizes a joint or bone to allow efficient movement
      • Synergist: assists the action of an agonist
    • Examples of muscle action: quadriceps femoris extending the knee, biceps femoris flexing the knee, muscles around the shoulder girdle fixing the scapula for abduction

    Long Bones Development

    • Develop by endochondral ossification, a slow process that is not completed until age 18 to 20 years or even later.
    • The center of bone formation found in the shaft of the bone is the diaphysis.
    • The centers at the ends of the bone are epiphyses.
    • The plate of cartilage at each end, lying between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a growing bone, is the epiphyseal plate.
    • The metaphysis is the part of the diaphysis that abuts onto the epiphyseal plate.

    Fracture of a Bone

    • Accompanied by a considerable hemorrhage of blood between the bone ends and into the surrounding soft tissue.
    • The blood vessels and the fibroblasts and osteoblasts from the peristeum and endosteum take part in the repair process.

    Rickets

    • A defective mineralization of the cartilage matrix in growing bones.
    • Produces a condition in which the bones are soft and pliable.

    Joints

    • Types of joints: synovial joints, synchondroses, and symphyses.
    • Synovial joints: plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
    • Examples of synovial joints: sternoelavicular and acromioclavicular joints (plane), humeroulnar part of the elbow joint (hinge), medial atlantoaxial joint (pivot), metacarpophalangeal joint (condyloid), radiocarpal part of the wrist joint (ellipsoid), carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (saddle), and hip joint (ball-and-socket).

    Joint Stability

    • Three main factors: shape of articular surfaces, ligaments, and muscle tone.
    • Ligaments: cord or band of fibrous connective tissue uniting two or more structures.
    • Types of ligaments: fibrous and elastic.
    • Fibrous ligaments: composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers and are not stretchable under normal conditions.
    • Elastic ligaments: composed largely of elastic tissues and can regain their original length after stretching.

    Bursae and Synovial Sheaths

    • Bursae: closed fibrous sac lined internally with synovial membrane.
    • Synovial membrane secretes a film of viscous fluid that fills the sac.
    • Bursae are typically found in areas subject to friction and serve to reduce friction.

    Joint Examination

    • Assess the normal range of movement of all joints.
    • Dislocation of a joint occurs when the bones of a joint are no longer in their normal anatomic relationship with one another.

    Tendon Reflexes

    • Important tendon reflexes used in medical practice include the biceps brachii tendon reflex (C5, 6, and 7), brachioradialis tendon reflex, and Achilles tendon reflex (S1 and S2)
    • The Achilles tendon reflex, also known as the ankle jerk, is elicited by tapping the Achilles tendon, which causes flexion of the ankle joint

    Clinical Modification of Autonomic Nervous System Activities

    • The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) activity can be modified by various means, including drugs and surgical procedures
    • One example is administering drugs to lower blood pressure by blocking sympathetic nerve endings and causing vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
    • In cases of severe arterial disease, sectioning the sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels can produce vasodilation and allow adequate blood flow through collateral circulation, thereby saving the limb

    Blood Vessels

    • The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries (Fig. 1.27)
    • Anatomic end arteries are vessels whose terminal branches do not anastomose with branches of arteries supplying adjacent areas
    • These vessels provide the sole source of blood to a specific target area

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    Description

    Learn about the different anatomical directions, including medial, lateral, superior, inferior, ipsilateral, and contralateral. Test your knowledge of these important concepts in anatomy.

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