Biochemistry
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Questions and Answers

What type of bond involves the anomeric carbon of the carbohydrate in nucleosides?

  • C-H bond
  • C-O bond
  • C-C bond
  • C-N bond (correct)

    • What are the two types of carbohydrates found in nucleic acids?

  • D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose
  • D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose
  • D-ribose and D-fructose
  • D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose (correct)

    • What is the difference between ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides?

  • Presence or absence of a methyl group
  • Presence or absence of a hydroxyl group (correct)
  • Presence or absence of oxygen
  • Presence or absence of nitrogen

    • What is the function of the prime symbol (´) in nucleoside notation?

    <p>To indicate the carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base found in DNA, corresponding to uridine (U) in RNA?

    <p>Thymidine (T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nucleoside lacking a phosphate group?

    <p>Nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between adenosine (A) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA)?

    <p>Presence or absence of a hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the carbohydrate found in RNA?

    <p>D-ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a combination of a carbohydrate and a base?

    <p>Nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base found in DNA, corresponding to cytidine (C) in RNA?

    <p>Deoxycytidine (dC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the DNA polymerase in PCR?

    <p>To amplify DNA using a temperature cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is the source of the Taq DNA polymerase?

    <p>Thermophilic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in PCR?

    <p>To activate DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the two primer DNA strands in PCR?

    <p>To provide a template for DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many copies of the original DNA can be obtained after 20 cycles of PCR?

    <p>Over 1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of the PCR method?

    <p>Kary B. Mullis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of linkage connects nucleotide units in nucleic acids?

    <p>Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hydroxyl group of one nucleotide is connected to the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide?

    <p>5'-hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of nucleic acid sequences when written conventionally?

    <p>Left to right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the base in a nucleotide?

    <p>Attached to the phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the end of a nucleic acid where the 5'-hydroxyl group is located?

    <p>5'-end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids?

    <p>To connect nucleotide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of nucleic acid strands when written conventionally?

    <p>5'-end to 3'-end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ends of a nucleic acid chain?

    <p>5'-end and 3'-end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction that involves glucose and ATP?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that breaks down ATP to cAMP?

    <p>Adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the reaction that involves ATP and glucose?

    <p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule that is broken down to form cGMP?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was awarded the 1971 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology?

    <p>Earl Sutherland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond that is broken down in the reaction involving ATP and glucose?

    <p>Phosphoanhydride bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the chapter that this reaction is part of?

    <p>Bioenergetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that breaks down GTP to cGMP?

    <p>Guanylate cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction that involves GTP and water?

    <p>cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule that is broken down to form ADP?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

    <p>To amplify a specific DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does the denaturation step of PCR occur?

    <p>95°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Taq in PCR?

    <p>To synthesize new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the (+) and (-) primers in PCR?

    <p>To anneal to the target DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many copies of DNA are produced after one cycle of PCR?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of repeating the temperature cycles in PCR?

    <p>Amplification of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in PCR?

    <p>To activate the Taq enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the extension step in PCR?

    <p>To synthesize new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleosides and Nucleotides

    • Nucleosides are composed of a carbohydrate and a heterocyclic base, bonded through a C-N bond involving the anomeric carbon of the carbohydrate
    • The carbohydrates found in nucleic acids are D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose
    • There are two types of nucleosides: ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides
    • Examples of nucleosides include adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine (C), uridine (U), and thymidine (T)

    Structure of Nucleosides

    • The atoms of the carbohydrate are differentiated from the base by using a prime (´) symbol after the position number
    • The base is attached to the 1' carbon of the carbohydrate

    Bioenergetics

    • The chemical linkage between nucleotide units in nucleic acids is a phosphodiester bond
    • This bond connects the 5'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide to the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide
    • Nucleic acid sequences are written from left to right, from the 5'-end to the 3'-end

    DNA Profiling and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    • PCR is a method for amplifying DNA using a DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and cycling the temperature
    • Heat-stable DNA polymerases are used, such as Taq (from thermophilic bacteria) and Pfu (from geothermic vent bacteria)
    • The process involves denaturation, annealing, and extension steps
    • The primers used are sense and antisense, and the template DNA is double-stranded
    • The PCR process can produce over one million copies of the original DNA after just twenty cycles

    PCR Process

    • Denaturation: 95°C, separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands
    • Annealing: 55-68°C, binding of primers to the template DNA
    • Extension: 72°C, synthesis of new DNA strands using dNTPs and Taq polymerase
    • Repeat temperature cycles to amplify the DNA

    Notable Figures

    • Earl Sutherland, 1971 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
    • Kary B. Mullis, 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of the PCR method

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