42 Questions
What type of bond involves the anomeric carbon of the carbohydrate in nucleosides?
C-N bond
What are the two types of carbohydrates found in nucleic acids?
D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose
What is the difference between ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides?
Presence or absence of a hydroxyl group
What is the function of the prime symbol (´) in nucleoside notation?
To indicate the carbohydrate
What is the base found in DNA, corresponding to uridine (U) in RNA?
Thymidine (T)
What is the term for a nucleoside lacking a phosphate group?
Nucleoside
What is the difference between adenosine (A) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA)?
Presence or absence of a hydroxyl group
What is the carbohydrate found in RNA?
D-ribose
What is the term for a combination of a carbohydrate and a base?
Nucleoside
What is the base found in DNA, corresponding to cytidine (C) in RNA?
Deoxycytidine (dC)
What is the main function of the DNA polymerase in PCR?
To amplify DNA using a temperature cycle
Which type of bacteria is the source of the Taq DNA polymerase?
Thermophilic bacteria
What is the role of Mg2+ in PCR?
To activate DNA polymerase
What is the purpose of the two primer DNA strands in PCR?
To provide a template for DNA synthesis
How many copies of the original DNA can be obtained after 20 cycles of PCR?
Over 1 million
Who won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of the PCR method?
Kary B. Mullis
What type of linkage connects nucleotide units in nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bond
Which hydroxyl group of one nucleotide is connected to the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide?
5'-hydroxyl
What is the direction of nucleic acid sequences when written conventionally?
Left to right
What is the position of the base in a nucleotide?
Attached to the phosphate group
What is the term for the end of a nucleic acid where the 5'-hydroxyl group is located?
5'-end
What is the function of the phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids?
To connect nucleotide units
What is the correct sequence of nucleic acid strands when written conventionally?
5'-end to 3'-end
What are the two ends of a nucleic acid chain?
5'-end and 3'-end
What is the product of the reaction that involves glucose and ATP?
Glucose-6-phosphate
What is the enzyme that breaks down ATP to cAMP?
Adenylyl cyclase
What is the byproduct of the reaction that involves ATP and glucose?
ADP
What is the molecule that is broken down to form cGMP?
GTP
Who was awarded the 1971 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology?
Earl Sutherland
What is the type of bond that is broken down in the reaction involving ATP and glucose?
Phosphoanhydride bond
What is the name of the chapter that this reaction is part of?
Bioenergetics
What is the enzyme that breaks down GTP to cGMP?
Guanylate cyclase
What is the product of the reaction that involves GTP and water?
cGMP
What is the molecule that is broken down to form ADP?
ATP
What is the primary purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
To amplify a specific DNA sequence
At what temperature does the denaturation step of PCR occur?
95°C
What is the role of Taq in PCR?
To synthesize new DNA strands
What is the purpose of the (+) and (-) primers in PCR?
To anneal to the target DNA sequence
How many copies of DNA are produced after one cycle of PCR?
2
What is the result of repeating the temperature cycles in PCR?
Amplification of DNA
What is the role of Mg2+ in PCR?
To activate the Taq enzyme
What is the purpose of the extension step in PCR?
To synthesize new DNA strands
Study Notes
Nucleosides and Nucleotides
- Nucleosides are composed of a carbohydrate and a heterocyclic base, bonded through a C-N bond involving the anomeric carbon of the carbohydrate
- The carbohydrates found in nucleic acids are D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose
- There are two types of nucleosides: ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides
- Examples of nucleosides include adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine (C), uridine (U), and thymidine (T)
Structure of Nucleosides
- The atoms of the carbohydrate are differentiated from the base by using a prime (´) symbol after the position number
- The base is attached to the 1' carbon of the carbohydrate
Bioenergetics
- The chemical linkage between nucleotide units in nucleic acids is a phosphodiester bond
- This bond connects the 5'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide to the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide
- Nucleic acid sequences are written from left to right, from the 5'-end to the 3'-end
DNA Profiling and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- PCR is a method for amplifying DNA using a DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and cycling the temperature
- Heat-stable DNA polymerases are used, such as Taq (from thermophilic bacteria) and Pfu (from geothermic vent bacteria)
- The process involves denaturation, annealing, and extension steps
- The primers used are sense and antisense, and the template DNA is double-stranded
- The PCR process can produce over one million copies of the original DNA after just twenty cycles
PCR Process
- Denaturation: 95°C, separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands
- Annealing: 55-68°C, binding of primers to the template DNA
- Extension: 72°C, synthesis of new DNA strands using dNTPs and Taq polymerase
- Repeat temperature cycles to amplify the DNA
Notable Figures
- Earl Sutherland, 1971 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
- Kary B. Mullis, 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the invention of the PCR method
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