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Questions and Answers
What is the primary level of gene expression control in eukaryotic cells like photoreceptors?
What is the primary level of gene expression control in eukaryotic cells like photoreceptors?
- mRNA translation
- Protein modification
- Transcription (correct)
- RNA processing
What is the function of microRNAs in gene expression?
What is the function of microRNAs in gene expression?
- To degrade mRNA or block translation (correct)
- To add chemical groups to proteins
- To remove amino acids from proteins
- To increase mRNA translation
What is a consequence of alternative splicing of transcripts?
What is a consequence of alternative splicing of transcripts?
- Increased mRNA translation
- Production of different mRNAs and proteins from the same RNA transcript (correct)
- Production of identical mRNAs and proteins
- Decreased protein modification
What determines the identity and properties of a eukaryotic cell?
What determines the identity and properties of a eukaryotic cell?
At which stage can gene expression be regulated after transcription?
At which stage can gene expression be regulated after transcription?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in a photoreceptor cell?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in a photoreceptor cell?
What is the primary transcript produced during eukaryotic gene transcription?
What is the primary transcript produced during eukaryotic gene transcription?
What is the process of removing sections of pre-mRNA molecule called?
What is the process of removing sections of pre-mRNA molecule called?
What regulates alternative splicing in eukaryotic cells?
What regulates alternative splicing in eukaryotic cells?
What determines how much protein is made from an mRNA molecule?
What determines how much protein is made from an mRNA molecule?
What are small regulatory RNAs that control mRNA lifespan and translation?
What are small regulatory RNAs that control mRNA lifespan and translation?
What is the function of microRNAs?
What is the function of microRNAs?
How are microRNAs formed?
How are microRNAs formed?
What is the result of a microRNA being perfectly complementary to an mRNA?
What is the result of a microRNA being perfectly complementary to an mRNA?
What is the term for the process of selecting different portions of an mRNA to form different variants?
What is the term for the process of selecting different portions of an mRNA to form different variants?
What is the term for the additions made to the pre-mRNA molecule to form a mature mRNA molecule?
What is the term for the additions made to the pre-mRNA molecule to form a mature mRNA molecule?
What is the typical outcome when the miRNA is perfectly complementary to the mRNA?
What is the typical outcome when the miRNA is perfectly complementary to the mRNA?
What is the role of the 'helper' proteins during translation initiation?
What is the role of the 'helper' proteins during translation initiation?
What is the effect of phosphorylation on the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2)?
What is the effect of phosphorylation on the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2)?
What is the purpose of regulating protein translation in a cell?
What is the purpose of regulating protein translation in a cell?
What is the primary function of ubiquitin in protein regulation?
What is the primary function of ubiquitin in protein regulation?
What is the result of phosphorylation on eIF-2?
What is the result of phosphorylation on eIF-2?
What is the outcome when the miRNA and its target have some mismatches?
What is the outcome when the miRNA and its target have some mismatches?
What is the common thread among phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other post-translational modifications?
What is the common thread among phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other post-translational modifications?
What is the function of miRNAs in organisms?
What is the function of miRNAs in organisms?
What is the result of inactivating translation initiation through phosphorylation of eIF-2?
What is the result of inactivating translation initiation through phosphorylation of eIF-2?
Where can proteins be found in the cell after modifications such as phosphorylation?
Where can proteins be found in the cell after modifications such as phosphorylation?
What is an example of a post-translational modification that activates a protein?
What is an example of a post-translational modification that activates a protein?
What is the net effect of phosphorylation on protein behavior?
What is the net effect of phosphorylation on protein behavior?
What is the fate of ubiquitin-tagged proteins in the cell?
What is the fate of ubiquitin-tagged proteins in the cell?
What is the role of miRNAs in the development and function of the vascular system in mice?
What is the role of miRNAs in the development and function of the vascular system in mice?
What is the effect of changes in miRNA expression levels on human diseases?
What is the effect of changes in miRNA expression levels on human diseases?
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Study Notes
Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene expression can be regulated at various stages, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and protein modifications.
RNA Processing
- Pre-mRNA undergoes modifications, including splicing, capping, and poly-A tail addition, to become a mature mRNA molecule.
- Alternative splicing allows for different exon combinations from a single pre-mRNA, resulting in different mRNA molecules.
- Regulatory proteins bind to specific sites on the pre-mRNA to control alternative splicing.
Small Regulatory RNAs
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that control mRNA lifespan and translation.
- miRNAs bind to specific mRNAs, either blocking translation or causing mRNA degradation.
- miRNAs play a key role in development and disease, and changes in miRNA expression are associated with cancer and cardiac hypertrophy.
Regulation of Translation
- Translation initiation is a key step in regulating translation, involving the binding of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) to the ribosome.
- Phosphorylation of eIF-2 acts as a switch, turning translation on or off.
Protein Modifications
- Proteins can be regulated after translation through removal of amino acids, addition of chemical groups, or proteolytic cleavage.
- Chemical modifications, such as phosphorylation, can activate, deactivate, or alter protein behavior.
- Ubiquitination tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome, controlling the persistence of a protein in the cell.
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