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What is the process of breaking down big rocks into smaller pieces of rock?
What type of mountains are formed when two plates push into each other?
What is the name of the process when water moves soil and other natural materials from one spot to another?
What type of weathering uses living things, like plants and animals, to break down rocks?
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What is the term for the study of the physical features of land?
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What is the term for the breakdown and movement of rocks and other land debris by the wind's force?
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What is the process by which rocks are transformed as they move between the layers of the earth?
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What type of glaciers are found in mountains?
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What is the typical temperature range of a hot spring?
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What is the source of heat for hot springs?
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How do hot springs form?
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What happens to the water when it is heated by magma?
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What is a hot spot?
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What is a characteristic of mud pots?
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What is the lithosphere?
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What causes the formation of new mountains?
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What is the process by which magma changes rocks near the surface of the earth?
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What is the term for the remains of plants and animals that lived thousands of years ago?
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What is the process by which water gets warmed up and turns into a gas?
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What type of clouds are puffy and white like cotton balls?
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What is the term for the energy that comes from the sun and travels to Earth in the form of light waves?
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What is the process by which rocks are transformed by heat and pressure?
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What is the term for the layers in sedimentary rocks?
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What type of rocks are formed when layers and layers of sediment get compressed together and eventually harden into rock?
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What is the primary function of solar radiation on Earth?
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What is the term for the direction from which the wind is coming?
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What is the purpose of an anemometer?
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What type of air mass forms over land and is dry?
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What is the term for the point of contact when two air masses collide?
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What is the process by which warm, humid air rises and cools, forming clouds?
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What type of cloud is associated with thunderstorms or snow?
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What is the primary tool used by meteorologists to measure temperature?
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What type of clouds are thin and wispy?
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What happens when a cold front meets a warm air mass?
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Where do tornadoes most commonly occur in the United States?
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What is the calm area in the center of a hurricane called?
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What is the first stage of a thunderstorm?
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What is the term for the process by which energy passes from a producer to herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores?
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What is the term for living organisms and non-living things that depend on each other for survival?
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What is the term for nature's recyclers in an ecosystem?
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What is the source of heat that warms the water in hot springs?
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How do hot springs form?
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What is the characteristic of mud pots?
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What is the layer of the Earth that impacts mountain formation?
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What is the term for the layers of rock that make up the Earth?
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What is the process that causes the formation of new mountains?
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What is the term for the molten rock beneath Earth's surface?
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What is a characteristic of a hot spot?
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What is the result of mechanical weathering?
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What is the term for the lines drawn on a map that show a change in elevation?
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What is the process by which soil and other natural materials are moved from one spot to another by water?
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What is the term for the study of the physical features of land?
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What is the result of the rock cycle?
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What is the term for the breakdown and movement of rocks and other land debris by the wind's force?
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What type of mountains are formed when magma pushes up through the lithosphere?
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What is the term for the characteristic of a rock that tells how shiny it is?
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What is the process called when rocks are subjected to an increase in pressure or heat, usually from pressure under the earth's surface or from magma and lava from volcanoes?
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What type of rock is formed from cooling and crystallization of magma?
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What is the term for the deposits of sediment that settle to the bottom of an ocean or lake and compress over time?
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What is the term for the remains of plants and animals that lived thousands of years ago?
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What is the process by which water gets warmed up and turns into a gas?
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What type of clouds are puffy and white like cotton balls?
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What is the term for the energy that comes from the sun and travels to Earth in the form of light waves?
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What is the term for the transformation of rocks by heat and pressure?
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What type of light does the Sun provide that is high energy but damaging to human skin?
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What is the name of the tool used to measure wind speed?
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What type of air mass forms over warm areas?
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What is the term for the state of the atmosphere at any given time?
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What happens when air masses move?
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What is the purpose of weather forecasting?
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What is the term for the direction from which the wind is coming?
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What type of cloud is a white puffy cloud that does not necessarily produce precipitation?
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What type of clouds are big and puffy, and look like giant cotton balls?
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What happens when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass?
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What is the term for the spinning column of air that stretches from a thunderstorm to the ground?
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What is the term for the area of the U.S. where tornadoes are most common?
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What is the term for the process by which energy passes from a producer to herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores?
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What is the term for nature's recyclers in an ecosystem?
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What is the term for the living organisms and non-living things that depend on each other for survival?
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What is the term for the stage of a thunderstorm when the falling rain or hail causes a downshift?
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Study Notes
Hot Springs
- Hot springs are naturally occurring springs of water warmed by heat within the Earth.
- The accepted temperature of a hot spring ranges from 104°F to 194°F (40°C to 90°C).
- Geothermal energy is heat within the Earth generated during its formation.
- Hot springs are formed when rain or groundwater seeps through cracks and faults in the Earth's surface, collecting in underground pools called aquifers or vents.
- The groundwater is heated by magma, causing it to expand and become less dense, then rising through cracks and faults in the Earth's crust, forming hot springs.
Mountains
- The lithosphere, a combination of the crust and the deep rock layer, impacts mountain formation.
- The crust is a rocky layer of the Earth, and tectonic plates allow for new mountains to form through pushing and pulling.
- Types of mountains formed by tectonic plates include:
- Dome mountains: formed when magma pushes up through the lithosphere, causing the crust to bend up.
- Volcanic mountains: formed when there is a small vent in the lithosphere in the middle of a plate.
- Fault-block mountains: formed when pulling and stretching causes small cracks within the crust, and some parts of the crust sink down while others rise up.
- Folded mountains: formed when two plates push into each other.
Topography
- Topography is the study of the physical features of land.
- Topographic maps show changing elevation in landforms around the world.
- Contour lines on maps show a change in elevation, with:
- More lines indicating more change in elevation.
- Fewer lines indicating less change in elevation.
Weathering
- Weathering is the process of breaking down big rocks into smaller pieces of rock.
- Types of weathering include:
- Mechanical weathering: physically breaks down rock.
- Chemical weathering: breaks down rock through chemical reactions like oxidation.
- Organic weathering: breaks down rock with the help of living things like plants and animals.
Water Erosion
- Water erosion is when soil and other natural materials are moved from one spot to another by water.
- Types of water erosion include:
- Inter-rill erosion: raindrops cause small craters.
- Rill erosion: water creates small channels in the soil.
- Gully erosion: runoff water creates large channels more than one foot deep.
- Streambank erosion: large bodies of water cut into the land and change size and shape over time.
Wind Erosion
- Wind erosion is the breakdown and movement of rocks and other land debris by the wind's force.
- Types of wind erosion include:
- Creep: larger particles of soil rolling or sliding along the ground's surface.
- Saltation: wind causes particles (usually dirt) to bounce along the surface of the ground.
- Suspension: smallest particles are lifted up and sit suspended in the air.
Glaciers
- Glaciers are huge blocks of ice and snow formed when layers of snow and ice build up and press together.
- Types of glaciers include:
- Alpine glaciers: found in mountains.
- Continental glaciers: spread out and cover large areas of land.
Rocks
- Rocks are made of minerals and have different properties, including:
- Streak: the color of a rock after it is ground into a powder.
- Luster: how shiny a rock is.
- Hardness, texture, shape, and size.
Rock Cycle
- The rock cycle is the transformation of rock material as it moves between the layers of the Earth.
- Types of rocks include:
- Igneous rock: forms from cooled magma.
- Sedimentary rock: forms from sediment.
- Metamorphic rock: forms when rocks are subjected to an increase in pressure or heat.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are subjected to an increase in pressure or heat, usually from magma or lava from volcanoes.
- Types of metamorphic rocks include:
- Slate: rock formed from lakes or oceans.
- Marble: rock transformed by heat and pressure.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers and layers of sediment get compressed together and eventually harden into rock.
- Types of sedimentary rocks include:
- Clastic: formed when rocks are broken down.
- Chemical: formed when dissolved minerals come out of water.
- Organic: formed from broken-down plant and animal materials.
Fossils
- Fossils are molds of plants and animals that lived thousands of years ago.
- Types of fossils include:
- Trace fossils: evidence of animal activity preserved.
- Body fossils: remains of plants or animals trapped under dirt and preserved over a long period of time.
Water Cycle
- The water cycle is a set of repeated events, including:
- Evaporation: water gets warmed up and turns into a gas.
- Condensation: water gas gets cold and turns back into a liquid.
- Precipitation: water falls back to the earth.
- Collection: water is stored in lakes, rivers, oceans, soil, and rocks.
Clouds
- There are four main types of clouds:
- Cumulus clouds: puffy and white like cotton balls.
- Stratus clouds: look like flat white sheets hovering overhead.
- Alto clouds: made of water droplets and sometimes ice droplets.
- Cirrus clouds: come with rain-free weather and look like white wisps high up in the sky.
Solar Radiation
- Solar radiation is sunlight and energy that comes from the sun and travels to Earth in the form of light waves.
- Light waves come in different forms, vibrate, and have different lengths and energy levels.
- Solar radiation is necessary for living things to survive on Earth and provides visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet (UV) light.
Wind
- Prevailing winds are dominant winds in a certain area.
- Wind direction is where the wind is coming from, and wind speed is the measurement of how fast the air is moving.
- Tools for measuring wind speed include an anemometer and the Beaufort scale.
Air Masses
- Air masses that stay in a particular area begin to take on the characteristics of the temperature and humidity in that area.
- Types of air masses include:
- Continental and maritime air masses: form over land and water and are dry and humid, respectively.
- Tropical and polar air masses: form in warm and cool areas.
- Arctic air masses: form in the coldest conditions.
Weather
- Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time.
- Weather is affected by the Sun's rays and their interaction with the gases in the Earth's atmosphere.
- Weather has many aspects, including wind, pressure, cloud cover, temperature, and precipitation.
Forecasting
- A forecast is a prediction, or good guess, about the future.
- Weather forecasting is when scientists called meteorologists use many different tools to predict what the weather in the near future will be.
- Tools used in forecasting include thermometers, barometers, and weather satellites.
Fronts
- Fronts are created when two air masses meet.
- Types of fronts include:
- Cold front: when a cold air mass takes over a warm air mass.
- Warm front: when a warm air mass takes over a cold air mass.
- Stationary front: when neither the warm air mass nor cold air mass moves.
- Occluded front: when a cold front is created in a low-pressure area.
Tornadoes
- A tornado is a spinning column of air that stretches from a thunderstorm to the ground.
- Tornado winds are very strong, making them dangerous.
- Tornadoes form in a thunderstorm when an area of warm air meets an area of cold air and the winds are blowing in just the right way.
Hurricanes
- Hurricanes are powerful storms that form over oceans and get their energy from the warm ocean waters.
- Hurricane winds blow at 74 to 200 miles per hour and spin due to the Coriolis effect.
- The calm area in the center of a hurricane is called the eye.
Thunderstorms
- A thunderstorm is a rainstorm with thunder and lightning.
- Thunderstorms need moisture, unstable air, and lift to form.
- Thunderstorms have three stages:
- Developing: when dark clouds rise quickly.
- Mature: when the falling rain or hail causes a downshift.
- Dissipating: when the skies grow calmer and the storm moves away after anywhere from 30-60 minutes.
Ecosystems
- Ecosystems are specific areas that can be either in water (aquatic) or on land (terrestrial).
- An ecosystem is made up of living organisms and non-living things that depend on each other for survival.
- Changes, whether small or large, to one ecosystem can also have a negative affect to the many ecosystems surrounding it.
Food Chains
- A food chain is a series of organisms that eat other organisms.
- Types of organisms in a food chain include:
- Producers: green plants that make their own food with sunlight and rain.
- Primary consumers: eat the producers.
- Secondary consumers: eat the primary consumers.
- Decomposers: nature's recyclers.
Energy Pyramid
- The energy pyramid shows how energy transfers from one organism to the next on the food chain.
- The pyramid has four main levels, starting at the base with producers, organisms that take energy from the sun, and moving upward to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
Hot Springs
- Hot springs are naturally occurring springs of water warmed by heat within the Earth.
- The accepted temperature of a hot spring ranges from 104°F to 194°F (40°C to 90°C).
- Geothermal energy is heat within the Earth generated during its formation.
- Hot springs are formed when rain or groundwater seeps through cracks and faults in the Earth's surface, collecting in underground pools called aquifers or vents.
- The groundwater is heated by magma, causing it to expand and become less dense, then rising through cracks and faults in the Earth's crust, forming hot springs.
Mountains
- The lithosphere, a combination of the crust and the deep rock layer, impacts mountain formation.
- The crust is a rocky layer of the Earth, and tectonic plates allow for new mountains to form through pushing and pulling.
- Types of mountains formed by tectonic plates include:
- Dome mountains: formed when magma pushes up through the lithosphere, causing the crust to bend up.
- Volcanic mountains: formed when there is a small vent in the lithosphere in the middle of a plate.
- Fault-block mountains: formed when pulling and stretching causes small cracks within the crust, and some parts of the crust sink down while others rise up.
- Folded mountains: formed when two plates push into each other.
Topography
- Topography is the study of the physical features of land.
- Topographic maps show changing elevation in landforms around the world.
- Contour lines on maps show a change in elevation, with:
- More lines indicating more change in elevation.
- Fewer lines indicating less change in elevation.
Weathering
- Weathering is the process of breaking down big rocks into smaller pieces of rock.
- Types of weathering include:
- Mechanical weathering: physically breaks down rock.
- Chemical weathering: breaks down rock through chemical reactions like oxidation.
- Organic weathering: breaks down rock with the help of living things like plants and animals.
Water Erosion
- Water erosion is when soil and other natural materials are moved from one spot to another by water.
- Types of water erosion include:
- Inter-rill erosion: raindrops cause small craters.
- Rill erosion: water creates small channels in the soil.
- Gully erosion: runoff water creates large channels more than one foot deep.
- Streambank erosion: large bodies of water cut into the land and change size and shape over time.
Wind Erosion
- Wind erosion is the breakdown and movement of rocks and other land debris by the wind's force.
- Types of wind erosion include:
- Creep: larger particles of soil rolling or sliding along the ground's surface.
- Saltation: wind causes particles (usually dirt) to bounce along the surface of the ground.
- Suspension: smallest particles are lifted up and sit suspended in the air.
Glaciers
- Glaciers are huge blocks of ice and snow formed when layers of snow and ice build up and press together.
- Types of glaciers include:
- Alpine glaciers: found in mountains.
- Continental glaciers: spread out and cover large areas of land.
Rocks
- Rocks are made of minerals and have different properties, including:
- Streak: the color of a rock after it is ground into a powder.
- Luster: how shiny a rock is.
- Hardness, texture, shape, and size.
Rock Cycle
- The rock cycle is the transformation of rock material as it moves between the layers of the Earth.
- Types of rocks include:
- Igneous rock: forms from cooled magma.
- Sedimentary rock: forms from sediment.
- Metamorphic rock: forms when rocks are subjected to an increase in pressure or heat.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are subjected to an increase in pressure or heat, usually from magma or lava from volcanoes.
- Types of metamorphic rocks include:
- Slate: rock formed from lakes or oceans.
- Marble: rock transformed by heat and pressure.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers and layers of sediment get compressed together and eventually harden into rock.
- Types of sedimentary rocks include:
- Clastic: formed when rocks are broken down.
- Chemical: formed when dissolved minerals come out of water.
- Organic: formed from broken-down plant and animal materials.
Fossils
- Fossils are molds of plants and animals that lived thousands of years ago.
- Types of fossils include:
- Trace fossils: evidence of animal activity preserved.
- Body fossils: remains of plants or animals trapped under dirt and preserved over a long period of time.
Water Cycle
- The water cycle is a set of repeated events, including:
- Evaporation: water gets warmed up and turns into a gas.
- Condensation: water gas gets cold and turns back into a liquid.
- Precipitation: water falls back to the earth.
- Collection: water is stored in lakes, rivers, oceans, soil, and rocks.
Clouds
- There are four main types of clouds:
- Cumulus clouds: puffy and white like cotton balls.
- Stratus clouds: look like flat white sheets hovering overhead.
- Alto clouds: made of water droplets and sometimes ice droplets.
- Cirrus clouds: come with rain-free weather and look like white wisps high up in the sky.
Solar Radiation
- Solar radiation is sunlight and energy that comes from the sun and travels to Earth in the form of light waves.
- Light waves come in different forms, vibrate, and have different lengths and energy levels.
- Solar radiation is necessary for living things to survive on Earth and provides visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet (UV) light.
Wind
- Prevailing winds are dominant winds in a certain area.
- Wind direction is where the wind is coming from, and wind speed is the measurement of how fast the air is moving.
- Tools for measuring wind speed include an anemometer and the Beaufort scale.
Air Masses
- Air masses that stay in a particular area begin to take on the characteristics of the temperature and humidity in that area.
- Types of air masses include:
- Continental and maritime air masses: form over land and water and are dry and humid, respectively.
- Tropical and polar air masses: form in warm and cool areas.
- Arctic air masses: form in the coldest conditions.
Weather
- Weather is the state of the atmosphere at any given time.
- Weather is affected by the Sun's rays and their interaction with the gases in the Earth's atmosphere.
- Weather has many aspects, including wind, pressure, cloud cover, temperature, and precipitation.
Forecasting
- A forecast is a prediction, or good guess, about the future.
- Weather forecasting is when scientists called meteorologists use many different tools to predict what the weather in the near future will be.
- Tools used in forecasting include thermometers, barometers, and weather satellites.
Fronts
- Fronts are created when two air masses meet.
- Types of fronts include:
- Cold front: when a cold air mass takes over a warm air mass.
- Warm front: when a warm air mass takes over a cold air mass.
- Stationary front: when neither the warm air mass nor cold air mass moves.
- Occluded front: when a cold front is created in a low-pressure area.
Tornadoes
- A tornado is a spinning column of air that stretches from a thunderstorm to the ground.
- Tornado winds are very strong, making them dangerous.
- Tornadoes form in a thunderstorm when an area of warm air meets an area of cold air and the winds are blowing in just the right way.
Hurricanes
- Hurricanes are powerful storms that form over oceans and get their energy from the warm ocean waters.
- Hurricane winds blow at 74 to 200 miles per hour and spin due to the Coriolis effect.
- The calm area in the center of a hurricane is called the eye.
Thunderstorms
- A thunderstorm is a rainstorm with thunder and lightning.
- Thunderstorms need moisture, unstable air, and lift to form.
- Thunderstorms have three stages:
- Developing: when dark clouds rise quickly.
- Mature: when the falling rain or hail causes a downshift.
- Dissipating: when the skies grow calmer and the storm moves away after anywhere from 30-60 minutes.
Ecosystems
- Ecosystems are specific areas that can be either in water (aquatic) or on land (terrestrial).
- An ecosystem is made up of living organisms and non-living things that depend on each other for survival.
- Changes, whether small or large, to one ecosystem can also have a negative affect to the many ecosystems surrounding it.
Food Chains
- A food chain is a series of organisms that eat other organisms.
- Types of organisms in a food chain include:
- Producers: green plants that make their own food with sunlight and rain.
- Primary consumers: eat the producers.
- Secondary consumers: eat the primary consumers.
- Decomposers: nature's recyclers.
Energy Pyramid
- The energy pyramid shows how energy transfers from one organism to the next on the food chain.
- The pyramid has four main levels, starting at the base with producers, organisms that take energy from the sun, and moving upward to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
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Description
Learn about the natural process of hot spring formation, including the role of geothermal energy, groundwater, and magma. Understand the temperatures and conditions required for a hot spring to form.
