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Questions and Answers

Who is credited with the initial observations and study of food relationships on Bear Island in the Arctic Circle?

  • Charles Elton (correct)
  • Walt Disney
  • Robert Collett
  • C.S. Elton

On Bear Island, food was abundant both on land and in the sea, according to initial observations.

False (B)

What term did Charles Elton use to describe the relationships between marine animals, seabirds, arctic foxes, and polar bears on Bear Island?

food chains

Charles Elton's investigations on Bear Island revealed that marine animals are consumed by birds and ______.

<p>seals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organisms with their roles in the Bear Island food web:

<p>Marine Animals = Eaten by birds and seals Seabirds = Eaten by arctic foxes Seals = Eaten by polar bears Bird Droppings = Contain nitrogen used by bacteria and plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element found in bird droppings plays a role in the nutrient cycle?

<p>Nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of thick ice belts made Nordaustland accessible for Elton's research.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the abandonment of the trip to Nordaustlander during Elton's research?

<p>Broken propeller</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elton's attempt to reach Nordaustlander was unsuccessful, leading the crew to stop at ______.

<p>Tromsø</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the location with the challenge faced during exploration of the location:

<p>Bear Island = Limited species and food scarcity on land Nordaustlander = Inaccessibility due to thick ice belts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about lemmings was debunked?

<p>They commit mass suicide by jumping off cliffs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Disney film 'White Wilderness' accurately portrayed lemming behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the years with significant increases in the lemming population?

<p>Lemming years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lemming populations tend to increase periodically every ______ years.

<p>3-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each phenomena to its theory:

<p>Lemming population increase = Weather fluctuations and extended winters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor is theorized to contribute to increased lemming populations during certain years?

<p>Longer winters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zoologists always assumed animal populations remained steady prior to Elton's work.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of records did Elton use to study increases in arctic fox, lynx and peregrine populations?

<p>Fur trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elton studied the fluctuations in animal populations and their causes and ______.

<p>Effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the animal role with its classification:

<p>Herbivores = Plant eaters Carnivores = Animals that eat other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of food chains, which level is typically the most abundant?

<p>Lower levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carnivores are described as organisms with no enemies in a food chain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic feeding class in an animal society, according to the text?

<p>Herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text refers to food as the ______ of animal economies.

<p>currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the role to the class of animal:

<p>Herbivorous insects = Eat plants Carnivorous insects = Eat other insects Warbler birds = Feed on Insects Hawks = Top predator</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the English Oak example, which organisms represent the top of the food chain?

<p>One or two hawks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the English Oak example, carnivorous insects are more numerous than herbivorous insects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the English Oak example, which consumes some of the insects and are then preyed upon by other carnivores?

<p>Warbler Birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organisms that serve as the most numerous small herbivores in the English Oak example are ______.

<p>insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a consumer?

<p>Insects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a food web?

A diagram showing the transfer of energy (food) between organisms in an ecosystem.

Who is Charles Elton?

An ecologist who studied food relationships on Bear Island in the artic circle.

What are observations from Bear Island?

Marine animals eaten by birds and seals, seabirds eaten by arctic foxes, seals eaten by polar bears.

What is a food chain?

A sequence of organisms where each consumes the one below it; the path of energy flow.

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How are food webs complex?

Bird droppings contain nitrogen, nitrogen consumed by bacteria, bacteria used by plants, insects consume plants, birds and mammals start consumption.

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What are Lemmings?

They're a rodent that experiences periodic population booms, leading to swarms.

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Why the increase in lemmings?

Weather fluctuations cause lemmings to have litters during the winter and therefore fluctuations in population size.

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Ersine Predation

Predators like the Ersine also fluctuate in response to lemming cycle

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What was affected by lemming populations?

Fur trader records showed increases in arctic fox, lynx and peregrines correlated to lemming populations.

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What are characteristics of food chains?

Food is the currency, basic class in animal society is plant eating animals, the carnivores are animals that eat the plant eating animals, carnivores have no enemies, lower levels of the food chain are abundant.

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Study Notes

Food Webs

  • Charles Elton studied food webs.

Bear Island

  • Elton made observations on Bear Island, located in the Arctic Circle.
  • There were very few species on Bear Island.
  • Food was scarce on land, but plentiful in the sea.

Food Chains

  • Marine animals are consumed by birds and seals.
  • Seabirds are consumed by arctic foxes.
  • Seals are consumed by polar bears.
  • These relationships are called "food chains".

Complex Relationships

  • Bird droppings contain nitrogen.
  • Bacteria consumes the nitrogen.
  • Bacteria is then used by plants.
  • Insects consume the plants.
  • Birds and mammals start consumption.

Nordaustlander Trip

  • A trip to Nordaustlandet was less accessible
  • Thick belts of ice made travel difficult.
  • The trip was abandoned as the propeller broke.
  • They stopped at Tromsø.

Lemmings

  • Lemmings do not jump off cliffs!
  • There are massive swarms of lemmings, known as "lemming years."
  • Lemming swarming happens periodically every 3-4 years.

Theories for Increase in Lemmings

  • Weather fluctuations
  • Lemmings have litters during the winter
  • Long winters mean more litters.

Ersine Predation

  • Considers why there is a fluctuation in animal populations.
  • Zoologists previously assumed animal populations were steady.
  • Reports for Fur Trade data indicated increases in arctic fox, lynx, and peregrines.

Food Chains

  • Food is the currency of animal economies.
  • Herbivores are the basic class in animal society, made of plant eaters.
  • Include carnivores
  • Carnivores are "which has no enemies"
  • Lower levels of food chain are abundant

English Oak Example

  • There are numerous small herbivorous insects.
  • There are some carnivorous insects.
  • There are a few warbler birds.
  • There is one or two hawks.

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