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Questions and Answers

What is a biomaterial?

  • A material used in a medical device, intended to interact with mechanical systems.
  • A material used in a medical device, intended to interact with electronic systems.
  • A living material used in a medical device.
  • A nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems. (correct)

    • Why are biomaterials needed?

  • To treat minor injuries.
  • To replace healthy tissue.
  • To overcome critical donor shortage and disease transmission. (correct)
  • To enhance physical appearance.

    • What is a complication of surgical reconstruction?

  • Improved functionality.
  • Successful tissue integration.
  • Tumorigenicity.
  • Complications. (correct)

    • What is an application of biomaterials?

    <p>Assistance in healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an orthopaedic implant?

    <p>Bone plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biocompatibility?

    <p>The ability of a material to obtain an appropriate biological response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a bioinert material?

    <p>A material that has minimal interaction with its surrounding tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ceramics in terms of biocompatibility?

    <p>Inert and superior biocompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classification of biomaterials based on material source?

    <p>Natural and synthetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polymers advantageous for in terms of mechanical properties?

    <p>Resilient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using ceramics in tissue engineering?

    <p>Brittle and not flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of tissue engineering?

    <p>To reconstruct diseased or damaged tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is tissue engineering necessary?

    <p>Tissues cannot regenerate when injured or diseased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can be used for tissue engineering?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or differentiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential source of cells for tissue engineering?

    <p>Autogeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using allogeneic cells for tissue engineering?

    <p>Requires engineering immune acceptance and has a risk of disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when bioinert implants are inserted into the body?

    <p>A fibrous capsule forms around the implant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bioactive implants?

    <p>They interact with the surrounding tissue through a time-dependent kinetic modification of the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using metals as biomaterials?

    <p>They have superior mechanical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is corrosion in the context of biomaterials?

    <p>The deterioration of a metal due to chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of titanium and its alloys as biomaterials?

    <p>They are non-corrosive and have good mechanical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does titanium not corrode?

    <p>It has a tightly adherent TiO2 film that provides corrosion resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between bioinert and bioactive implants?

    <p>Bioinert implants do not interact with the surrounding tissue while bioactive implants do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a bioresorbable material?

    <p>Poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) copolymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biomaterials

    • Biomaterial: a non-viable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems
    • Purpose: to replace or repair damaged or diseased tissue, assist in healing, and improve function

    Importance of Biomaterials

    • Critical donor shortage: 3000 livers annually for 30,000 patients in need
    • Disease transmission: HIV, Hepatitis, etc.
    • Surgical reconstruction: not always possible, complications may arise
    • Biomaterials and tissue engineering: engineer new tissues, analyze risks and benefits

    Applications of Biomaterials

    • Replacement of diseased or damaged tissue: orthopedic implants, heart valves
    • Assist in healing: medical glues, hemostatic sponges, sutures, bone plates, orthopedic screws
    • Improve function: cardiac stent, pacemaker, orthodontic wire

    Classification of Biomaterials

    • Natural: autograft, allograft, xenograft, isograft
    • Synthetic: metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductor materials

    Biocompatibility

    • Ability of the material to obtain an appropriate biological response for a given application in the body
    • Types:
      • Bioinert: minimal interaction with surrounding tissue (e.g., stainless steel, titanium, alumina)
      • Bioactive: interacts with surrounding tissue (e.g., hydroxyapatite, glass ceramic)
      • Bioresorbable: dissolved and replaced by advancing tissue (e.g., tricalcium phosphate, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymers)

    Different Types of Biomaterials

    Metals

    • Desired properties: strong, light, non-corrosive
    • Advantages: superior mechanical properties, can be prepared in various forms and textures
    • Disadvantages: may corrode, dense and heavy, not aesthetically pleasing, not biodegradable
    • Titanium and titanium alloys: materials of choice due to good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility

    Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass Ceramics

    • Advantages: inert, superior biocompatibility, bioactive, high compressive strength and hardness, aesthetically pleasing
    • Disadvantages: brittle, not flexible, low tensile strength, difficult to make and form

    Polymers

    • Advantages: resilient, low friction, aesthetically pleasing, biodegradable, easy to manipulate and form, low cost
    • Disadvantages: low mechanical strength, may deform with time and temperature, leaching monomers

    Tissue Engineering

    • Reconstruct diseased or damaged tissues
    • Steps: remove cells, expand number in culture, seed onto an appropriate scaffold with suitable growth factors, place into culture, re-implant engineered tissue repair damaged site

    Importance of Tissue Engineering

    • Most tissues cannot regenerate when injured or diseased
    • Replacement of tissue with permanent implants is greatly limited (e.g., limited integration, low rate of regeneration)

    Types of Cells Used for Tissue Engineering

    • Embryonic stem cells
    • Adult stem cells
    • Differentiated cells

    Potential Cell Sources

    • Autogeneic (autologous) cells: immune acceptable, not off-the-shelf availability, expensive
    • Allogeneic cells: require engineering immune acceptance, risk of disease transmission, off-the-shelf availability
    • Xenogeneic cells: isolated from another species (non-human source animals)

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