25 Questions
What is the main function of complements in the immune response?
To lyse cells and bring them to cell death
What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?
To initiate rapid production of antibodies during the second exposure
Which of the following immune response types involves the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells?
Cell-mediated immunity
What is the function of interferon release in the immune response?
To protect surrounding cells not infected by a virus
Which type of immune cell is responsible for destroying pathogens and tumor cells?
Natural killer cells
What is the role of IgE in allergic responses?
To bond to mast cells and release histamine, causing inflammation
What is the function of IgE antibodies?
Release histamine from mast cells
What is the function of suppressor cells in the immune response?
To help halt the immune system response
Which of the following is a function of B cells?
Production of antibodies
What is the result of anaphylactic shock?
A sudden drop in intravascular blood volume and blood pressure
What is the function of Suppressor T cells?
Regulate immune response by turning it off
Which of the following is a class of immunoglobulins?
IgD
What is the result of the complement cascade?
Lysis of cells, which can lead to septic shock
What is the main difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity produces its own antibodies, while passive immunity obtains antibodies from outside the body
What happens to white blood cells during burns or trauma?
They decrease in number, making the body more susceptible to infection
What is the role of the complement system in immune function?
To label foreign antigens for phagocytosis
What is the result of bone marrow suppression?
Decreased production of white blood cells
What type of immunity is naturally acquired through placental transmission of antibodies?
Passive immunity
Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
What is the primary function of natural killer cells?
Rupturing pathogen membranes
Which type of immune response is characterized by the release of histamine?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
What is the role of B cells in the immune response?
Producing antibodies
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
Phagocytosing bacteria
Which type of white blood cell matures in the thymus?
T cells
What is the composition of pus in an infected wound?
Dead granulocytes
Study Notes
Immune Response
- External barriers: skin, hair, and mucous membranes prevent invasion of pathogens
- Inflammatory response: prevents invasion, walls off infection, destroys invader, and repairs/cleans up
- Vascular response: rubor, calor, dolor, tumor (heat, redness, pain, swelling)
- Cellular response: neutrophils and monocytes (clean-up crew)
Antigens
- Chemical markers that identify type of cell and help immune system determine if it's foreign or not
- Stimulate immune system to produce antibodies against them
- Antibodies are specific to one antigen and label it for destruction
Antibodies
- Proteins produced in response to foreign antigens
- Five classes of human antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
- Each antibody has a specific function:
- IgG: long-term immunity, vaccine, and passive immunity
- IgA: found in secretions, mucous membranes, and breast milk
- IgM: produced first by maturing immune system in infant, produced first in infection
- IgD: antigen-specific receptors on B lymphocytes
- IgE: involved in allergic responses, mast cells release histamine
Mechanisms of Immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity: involves activation of macrophages and natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells
- Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity: involves production of antibodies, helper T cells, and B cells
Lymphocytes
- Involved in cell-mediated immunity
- Two types:
- T cells (80% mature in thymus): cellular immunity
- Helper T cells (CD4): stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, initiate immune response
- Killer T cells: destroy infected cells and tumor cells
- Memory T cells: remember specific foreign antigens
- Suppressor T cells (CD8): limit immune response, turn off immune response
- B cells (20% mature in bone marrow): humoral immunity
- Produce antibodies
- Memory B cells: remember specific foreign antigens
- T cells (80% mature in thymus): cellular immunity
Immune Mediators
- Antigen-antibody complex stimulates release of mediators
- Mediators: prostaglandins, interleukins, interferon, and complement
- Complement: group of 30 plasma proteins that circulate in blood, label foreign antigens for phagocytosis, and cause lysis of cells
Types of Immunity
- Passive immunity: obtained from outside the person, temporary, and antibodies eventually break down
- Naturally acquired: placental transmission of antibodies, antibodies in breast milk
- Artificially acquired: injection of preformed antibodies (e.g., tetanus)
- Active immunity: produces own antibodies, naturally acquired or artificially acquired
- Naturally acquired: recover from disease, memory cells specific for that pathogen
- Artificially acquired: vaccine, stimulates production of antibodies and memory cells
Antibody Responses
- First exposure to foreign antigen stimulates antibody production in small amounts, which may happen too late
- Second exposure to antigen causes memory cells to initiate rapid production of large amounts of antibody
- Antibodies may neutralize virus or prevent infection
Interferon and Allergic Responses
- Interferon: chemical produced by cells infected by virus, protects surrounding cells not infected
- Allergic responses: antibodies respond to foreign but harmless antigens, IgE binds to mast cells, and releases histamine, causing inflammation
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