Chapter 18-Immune System

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of complements in the immune response?

To stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

To recognize and respond to antigens

To lyse cells and bring them to cell death (correct)

To neutralize viruses and prevent cell infection

What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?

To initiate rapid production of antibodies during the second exposure (correct)

To recognize and respond to antigens during the first exposure

To neutralize viruses and prevent cell infection

To stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Which of the following immune response types involves the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells?

Inflammatory response

Cell-mediated immunity (correct)

Humoral immunity

Passive immunity

What is the function of interferon release in the immune response?

To protect surrounding cells not infected by a virus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is responsible for destroying pathogens and tumor cells?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgE in allergic responses?

To bond to mast cells and release histamine, causing inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of IgE antibodies?

Release histamine from mast cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of suppressor cells in the immune response?

To help halt the immune system response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of B cells?

Production of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of anaphylactic shock?

A sudden drop in intravascular blood volume and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Suppressor T cells?

Regulate immune response by turning it off Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a class of immunoglobulins?

IgD Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the complement cascade?

Lysis of cells, which can lead to septic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between active and passive immunity?

Active immunity produces its own antibodies, while passive immunity obtains antibodies from outside the body Signup and view all the answers

What happens to white blood cells during burns or trauma?

They decrease in number, making the body more susceptible to infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the complement system in immune function?

To label foreign antigens for phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of bone marrow suppression?

Decreased production of white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is naturally acquired through placental transmission of antibodies?

Passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in parasitic infections?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natural killer cells?

Rupturing pathogen membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is characterized by the release of histamine?

Type 1 hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

Producing antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Phagocytosing bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell matures in the thymus?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of pus in an infected wound?

Dead granulocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune Response

External barriers: skin, hair, and mucous membranes prevent invasion of pathogens
Inflammatory response: prevents invasion, walls off infection, destroys invader, and repairs/cleans up
- Vascular response: rubor, calor, dolor, tumor (heat, redness, pain, swelling)
- Cellular response: neutrophils and monocytes (clean-up crew)

Antigens

Chemical markers that identify type of cell and help immune system determine if it's foreign or not
Stimulate immune system to produce antibodies against them
Antibodies are specific to one antigen and label it for destruction

Antibodies

Proteins produced in response to foreign antigens
Five classes of human antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
Each antibody has a specific function:
- IgG: long-term immunity, vaccine, and passive immunity
- IgA: found in secretions, mucous membranes, and breast milk
- IgM: produced first by maturing immune system in infant, produced first in infection
- IgD: antigen-specific receptors on B lymphocytes
- IgE: involved in allergic responses, mast cells release histamine

Mechanisms of Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity: involves activation of macrophages and natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells
Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity: involves production of antibodies, helper T cells, and B cells

Lymphocytes

Involved in cell-mediated immunity
Two types:
- T cells (80% mature in thymus): cellular immunity
  - Helper T cells (CD4): stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, initiate immune response
  - Killer T cells: destroy infected cells and tumor cells
  - Memory T cells: remember specific foreign antigens
  - Suppressor T cells (CD8): limit immune response, turn off immune response
- B cells (20% mature in bone marrow): humoral immunity
  - Produce antibodies
  - Memory B cells: remember specific foreign antigens

Immune Mediators

Antigen-antibody complex stimulates release of mediators
Mediators: prostaglandins, interleukins, interferon, and complement
Complement: group of 30 plasma proteins that circulate in blood, label foreign antigens for phagocytosis, and cause lysis of cells

Types of Immunity

Passive immunity: obtained from outside the person, temporary, and antibodies eventually break down
- Naturally acquired: placental transmission of antibodies, antibodies in breast milk
- Artificially acquired: injection of preformed antibodies (e.g., tetanus)
Active immunity: produces own antibodies, naturally acquired or artificially acquired
- Naturally acquired: recover from disease, memory cells specific for that pathogen
- Artificially acquired: vaccine, stimulates production of antibodies and memory cells

Antibody Responses

First exposure to foreign antigen stimulates antibody production in small amounts, which may happen too late
Second exposure to antigen causes memory cells to initiate rapid production of large amounts of antibody
Antibodies may neutralize virus or prevent infection

Interferon and Allergic Responses

Interferon: chemical produced by cells infected by virus, protects surrounding cells not infected
Allergic responses: antibodies respond to foreign but harmless antigens, IgE binds to mast cells, and releases histamine, causing inflammation

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