232 Questions
What was a key component of Gorbachev's Perestroika reform?
Reducing external military and political commitments
What was a major challenge faced during the transition to a market-oriented economy?
Economic turmoil
What was the primary aim of Gorbachev's Glasnost policy?
To promote transparency and freedom of speech
What was a significant consequence of Perestroika?
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's media freedom?
Open discussion of formerly taboo topics
What was a significant outcome of the release of political prisoners?
A symbolic gesture toward liberalization
What was a consequence of the cultural revival under Glasnost?
A flourishing of cultural expression
What was a key component of Glasnost's government criticism?
Public criticism of government policies
What was a significant challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika?
Resistance from Communist Party members
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's electoral reforms?
Introduction of competitive elements in elections
What was the primary objective of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika?
To transition from a highly centralized, planned economy to a more market-oriented economy
What was the meaning of the term Glasnost in the context of Mikhail Gorbachev's policies?
Openness
What was a significant challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika?
Economic dislocation and short-term disruptions
What was the result of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
More autonomy for enterprises and private ownership
What was the primary goal of Gorbachev's introduction of private enterprise into the Soviet economy?
To reduce inefficiency and boost productivity
Why did Gorbachev's policies of Perestroika and Glasnost mark a pivotal era in Soviet and global history?
Because they deviated significantly from the previously rigid governance and economic models
What was the reason for significant resistance from within the Communist Party and the government bureaucracy to Perestroika?
Because these changes diminished their power and control
What was the main objective of Gorbachev's policy of increased transparency in the government?
To encourage a more open and transparent government
What was the main goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?
To increase transparency and reduce government control over citizens' lives
What was one of the consequences of Glasnost?
Unleashing pent-up frustrations and highlighting ethnic and national tensions
What was a key feature of Glasnost?
Relaxing restrictions on freedom of speech
What was a result of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
Rectifying past injustices and symbolizing humane governance
What was a consequence of the increased media freedom under Glasnost?
A better-informed public and a more vibrant public discourse
What was a cultural impact of Glasnost?
A cultural and intellectual revival
What was a result of the increased public discourse under Glasnost?
Increased public engagement in the political process
What was an impact of Glasnost on Soviet history?
A re-examination of Soviet history, including repressive periods
What was a feature of the electoral reforms under Glasnost?
Somewhat more democratic processes within the existing socialist framework
What was a criticism of Glasnost?
It unleashed pent-up frustrations and highlighted ethnic and national tensions
What was the primary goal of Perestroika?
To revitalize the Soviet economy and ultimately the Soviet state
What was the outcome of the increased freedoms and transparency brought by Glasnost?
A surge in public dissatisfaction and criticism of the Communist Party
What was the consequence of the introduction of market mechanisms in Perestroika?
The introduction of supply-and-demand dynamics replaced fixed pricing
What was the outcome of Perestroika and Glasnost?
The Soviet Union was eventually dissolved in 1991
What was allowed for the first time in certain sectors under Perestroika?
Private ownership of small businesses
What was the significance of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989?
It was a practical application of Perestroika's broader strategy to reduce military overreach
What was the result of the reduction in military spending under Perestroika?
The Soviet Union was able to focus resources on internal development and economic problems
What was the outcome of the privatization of small businesses under Perestroika?
Small businesses were allowed to be privately owned and operated
What was the result of the closure of state companies under Perestroika?
The economy was streamlined and the financial burden on the state was reduced
What was the impact of Glasnost on the expression of ethnic and national grievances?
It opened up the expression of ethnic and national grievances
What was the main goal of Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
To strengthen the Soviet system
What was a significant consequence of the introduction of Glasnost?
Increased freedom of speech and transparency
What was a key factor in the destabilization of the Soviet economy?
Heavy military expenditures and inefficiencies in state-run industries
What was a significant outcome of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
Greater autonomy or independence for the republics
What was a significant challenge faced by Gorbachev during his reforms?
Polarization between hardline Communists and liberals
What was the outcome of Gorbachev's proposal for a new federation of states?
It was rejected by all republics
What was a significant consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
Significant for both global geopolitics and the internal political dynamics of South Africa
Who was a key leader who began to assume control of their territory and move towards independence?
Boris Yeltsin
What was a key aspect of the reforms that inadvertently accelerated nationalist movements?
Both Perestroika and Glasnost
What was a key consequence of the transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost?
Outpouring of pent-up dissatisfaction with the Soviet regime
Why did Western countries support the National Party before 1989?
Because of the NP's anti-communist stance
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the National Party's strategic value?
It reduced the NP's value as a counter-communist ally
What was the primary source of support for the African National Congress before 1989?
The Soviet Union
What was the consequence of the loss of Soviet support for the African National Congress?
The ANC had to adapt its strategies in the absence of Soviet backing
Why did Western attitudes towards the African National Congress change after 1989?
Because the global threat of communism receded
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the apartheid regime?
It forced the apartheid regime to reconsider its position and strategy
Why did the National Party find it increasingly difficult to justify apartheid on security grounds?
Because the external threat of communism receded
What was the outcome of the negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress?
The end of apartheid
What was the catalyst for negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress?
The shifts in international support and the changing global context
What was the common ground that both the National Party and the African National Congress found during the negotiations?
The recognition of the need for political reforms
What was the primary objective of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika?
To transition from a planned to a market-oriented economy
What was a significant challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika?
Resistance from government bureaucracy and economic dislocation
What was the main goal of Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?
To increase transparency and freedom of speech in government
What was a consequence of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
More autonomy for enterprises and private ownership
What was a significant outcome of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
A cultural revival and increased public discourse
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's media freedom?
Increased autonomy for journalists and media outlets
What was a consequence of the introduction of market mechanisms in Perestroika?
Boosted efficiency and productivity
What was an impact of Glasnost on Soviet history?
A cultural revival and increased public discourse
What was the primary goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of ending support for foreign left-wing movements?
To reduce external military and political commitments to stabilize the Soviet Union internally
What was a major challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika?
Resistance from within the Communist Party and the government bureaucracy
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's freedom of speech?
Allowance for citizens, journalists, and writers to discuss and debate previously taboo topics
What was a significant consequence of the cultural revival under Glasnost?
A flourishing of cultural expression that deeply influenced Soviet and global art and culture
What was the primary objective of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
To revitalize the Soviet Union through increased transparency, freedom of expression, and reduced corruption
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's government criticism?
Allowance for citizens and the media to openly criticize government policies and officials
What was a significant consequence of the transition to a market-oriented economy under Perestroika?
Significant economic turmoil, including inflation, unemployment, and shortages
What was a key objective of Gorbachev's Glasnost policy?
To increase transparency and reduce government control over citizens' lives
What was a key component of Perestroika's economic reforms?
Decentralization of production decisions
What was a significant outcome of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
Recognition of past injustices and a symbolic gesture towards the liberalization of Soviet society
What was a significant consequence of Glasnost?
The strengthening of civil society and increased public discourse
What was a significant consequence of the implementation of Glasnost and Perestroika?
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991
What was a key feature of Glasnost's media freedom?
Greater independence of the press, television, and radio
What was a significant outcome of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
A symbol of a new era of more humane governance
What was a criticism of Glasnost?
It unleashed pent-up frustrations and highlighted ethnic and national tensions
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's government criticism?
Citizens, journalists, and members of the intelligentsia could openly criticize government policies and actions
What was a significant outcome of the cultural and intellectual revival under Glasnost?
A resurgence in cultural and intellectual life
What was a key feature of Glasnost's electoral reforms?
Reforms facilitating somewhat more democratic processes compared to the past
What was a consequence of the increased public discourse under Glasnost?
Increased pressure on the government to reform
What was an impact of Glasnost on Soviet history?
A re-examination of Soviet history, including the repressive periods under Joseph Stalin
What was a primary unintended consequence of Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
Disintegration of the Soviet Union
What did Gorbachev propose as a last resort to preserve the Soviet Union?
A new federation of states
What was a key factor that eroded the legitimacy of the Communist Party?
The transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost
What was a significant outcome of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
The dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was a key challenge faced by Gorbachev during his reforms?
Opposition from hardline Communists and liberals
What was the significance of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 for South Africa?
It marked a turning point in global geopolitics
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's media freedom?
Freedom of speech and criticism of the government
What was a consequence of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
Widespread economic hardship
What was a significant consequence of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
The dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was a key challenge faced during the transition to a market-oriented economy?
Managing the transition to a market economy
What was the primary goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika?
To liberalize the Soviet economy and reduce government control
What was a consequence of the introduction of market mechanisms in Perestroika?
The introduction of supply-and-demand dynamics in certain sectors
What was a key feature of Glasnost's media freedom?
The relaxation of censorship, allowing for unprecedented freedoms
What was a consequence of the increase in freedoms and transparency brought by Glasnost?
A surge in public dissatisfaction and criticism of the Communist Party
What was the outcome of the privatization of small businesses under Perestroika?
Small businesses were allowed to be privately owned and operated
What was the outcome of the closure of state companies under Perestroika?
Inefficiencies in large state-run industries were addressed
What was the impact of Glasnost on the expression of ethnic and national grievances?
The opening up of the expression of ethnic and national grievances
What was the outcome of the introduction of private enterprise into the Soviet economy?
The introduction of elements of market economics
What was the significance of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989?
A practical application of Perestroika's broader strategy to reduce military overreach
What was the outcome of Gorbachev's policies of Perestroika and Glasnost?
The liberalization of the Soviet economy and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was the primary reason for Western countries' support of the National Party before 1989?
To counter the spread of communism in Africa
What was the impact of the Soviet Union's collapse on the African National Congress's military and financial support?
It led to a significant decrease in support
What was the primary outcome of the shift in international support for the National Party and the African National Congress?
The forced negotiation between the NP and the ANC
What was the result of the National Party's loss of strategic value in the eyes of Western nations?
Increased international pressure for political reforms
What was the primary reason for the West's change in attitude towards the African National Congress?
The receding global threat of communism
What was the impact of the Soviet Union's collapse on the global geopolitical landscape?
It resulted in a dramatic shift in the global balance of power
What was the outcome of the negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress?
The eventual end of apartheid
What was the primary consequence of the African National Congress's loss of Soviet support?
The ANC's need to adapt its strategies in the absence of Soviet backing
What was the primary reason for the National Party's difficulty in justifying apartheid on security grounds?
The absence of an external communist threat
What was the outcome of the changing global context and international support for the apartheid regime?
The weakening of the apartheid regime
What was the primary goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika?
To introduce market-oriented economic reforms
What was a significant consequence of Glasnost?
A surge in public dissatisfaction and criticism of the Communist Party
What was a key component of Perestroika's economic reforms?
Introduction of market-like reforms
What was a significant outcome of the introduction of market mechanisms in Perestroika?
Introduction of supply-and-demand dynamics
What was a significant challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika?
Resistance from within the Communist Party and government bureaucracy
What was a consequence of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
Eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's media freedom?
Relaxation of censorship, allowing for greater freedom of expression
What was a significant outcome of the withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989?
Redirection of resources to focus on internal development and economic problems
What was a key consequence of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
Improved efficiency and increased production of consumer goods
What was the outcome of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
End of the Cold War
What was the primary goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?
To increase transparency and reduce government control over citizens' lives
What was a key feature of the electoral reforms under Glasnost?
Increased public engagement and accountability in government
What was a consequence of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
Rectification of past injustices and symbolization of more humane governance
What was an impact of Glasnost on Soviet history?
Re-examination of Soviet history, including the repressive periods under Joseph Stalin
What was a consequence of the increased public discourse under Glasnost?
Increased pressure on the government to reform
What was a feature of the cultural revival under Glasnost?
Resurgence in the cultural and intellectual life of the Soviet Union
What was a consequence of the increased media freedom under Glasnost?
Increased public scrutiny and criticism of government policies
What was a criticism of Glasnost?
It unleashed pent-up frustrations and highlighted ethnic and national tensions
What was an impact of Glasnost on civil society?
Strengthening of civil society
What was a consequence of the public discussion about the darker periods of Soviet history under Glasnost?
Confrontation of the past and prevention of the repeat of such atrocities
What was the primary objective of Mikhail Gorbachev's Perestroika policy?
To transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy
What was a significant challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika?
Economic dislocation and short-term disruptions
What was a key aspect of Gorbachev's Glasnost policy?
Encouragement of public criticism and dissent
What was the outcome of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
Enterprises were given more autonomy and decision-making power
What was the main reason for the significant resistance from within the Communist Party and the government bureaucracy to Perestroika?
Loss of power and control by the Communist Party and government bureaucracy
What was a key feature of Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
Transition to a market-oriented economy and increased transparency
What was a consequence of the increased transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost?
Increased expression of ethnic and national grievances
What was the outcome of Perestroika and Glasnost?
Collapse of the Soviet Union and its economy
What was a major consequence of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991
What was a key factor in the destabilization of the Soviet economy during Perestroika?
Heavy military expenditures and inefficiencies in state-run industries
What was the outcome of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
Greater autonomy or outright independence for the republics
What was the significance of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
A significant event marking the end of the Cold War era
What was a consequence of the transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost?
An outpouring of pent-up dissatisfaction with the Soviet regime
What was a key aspect of Gorbachev's reforms that inadvertently accelerated nationalist movements?
Perestroika's restructuring and decentralization
What was a significant challenge faced by Gorbachev during his reforms?
Opposition from hardline Communists and liberals
What was the outcome of Gorbachev's proposal for a new federation of states?
Rejection by the republics
Who was a key leader who began to assume control of their territory and move towards independence?
Boris Yeltsin
What was a significant consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 for South Africa?
A turning point in the internal political dynamics of South Africa
What was the primary motivation behind Gorbachev's decision to reduce external military and political commitments?
To focus on internal stabilization and economic development
What was the primary goal of Perestroika's anti-corruption measures?
To improve the efficiency and transparency of government operations
What was the outcome of the rapid changes introduced by Perestroika?
Economic turmoil, including inflation, unemployment, and shortages
What was the significance of the cultural revival under Glasnost?
It saw a flourishing of cultural expression that deeply influenced both Soviet and global art and culture
What was the primary goal of Glasnost's media freedom?
To allow for greater transparency and critical reporting
What was a significant consequence of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
It corrected past injustices and served as a symbolic gesture towards liberalization
What was the outcome of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
It allowed for greater flexibility and responsiveness to market demands
What was the primary goal of Gorbachev's electoral reforms under Glasnost?
To introduce competitive elements and increase public engagement in governance
What was the outcome of the increased transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost?
It allowed for greater public discourse and criticism of government policies
What was the consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
It resulted in the independence of the Soviet republics and the end of the Soviet era
What was the primary reason for Western countries' support for the National Party before 1989?
Their strategic importance in the fight against communism.
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the National Party's strategic value?
It reduced their value as a counter-communist ally.
What was the African National Congress's primary source of military and financial support before 1989?
The Soviet Union.
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the African National Congress's support?
It increased their support from Western nations.
What was the primary reason for the shift in Western attitudes towards the African National Congress after 1989?
The receding global threat of communism.
What was the primary outcome of the negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress?
The end of apartheid and the transition to democracy.
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the African National Congress's strategies?
It forced them to adapt their strategies in the absence of Soviet backing.
What was the primary reason for the National Party's increased willingness to negotiate with the African National Congress after 1989?
The loss of strategic value and increased international pressure.
What was the primary catalyst for the negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress?
The external geopolitical changes catalyzed by the collapse of the Soviet Union.
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the global geopolitical landscape?
It led to a shift in global power dynamics, reducing the importance of the Cold War ideologies.
What was the primary intention behind Gorbachev's withdrawal of support for left-wing movements around the world?
To focus on internal political stabilization and reforms
What was a significant consequence of the corruption within the Soviet bureaucracy?
Barrier to economic development and efficiency
What was a key aspect of Perestroika's economic reforms?
Transition to a market-oriented economy
What was a consequence of the lack of effective management during the transition to a market-oriented economy?
Inflation, unemployment, and shortages
What was a key aspect of Glasnost's policy of freedom of speech?
Allowance for open discussion of previously taboo topics
What was a significant outcome of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
Symbolic gesture towards liberalization of Soviet society
What was a significant cultural impact of Glasnost?
Flourishing of cultural expression and influence
What was a significant consequence of the decentralization of power under Perestroika?
Reduced government control over the economy
What was a key challenge faced during the implementation of Perestroika and Glasnost?
Substantial resistance from within the Communist Party and government bureaucracy
What was the ultimate consequence of Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991
What was the primary motivation behind Gorbachev's introduction of Perestroika and Glasnost?
To address the deep-seated economic, political, and social issues of the Soviet Union
What was the main consequence of decentralizing production decisions under Perestroika?
More autonomy for enterprises and a shift towards private ownership
What was the primary goal of Gorbachev's policy of Glasnost?
To increase transparency and openness in government
What was the main challenge faced by Gorbachev during the implementation of Perestroika?
Resistance from within the Communist Party and government bureaucracy
What was the primary outcome of the introduction of private enterprise into the Soviet economy?
A boost in efficiency and productivity
What was the main consequence of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
A cultural revival and increased public discourse
What was the primary outcome of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
An increase in the autonomy of enterprises and a shift towards private ownership
What was the main consequence of the increased transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost?
A cultural revival and increased public discourse
What was the primary motivation behind Gorbachev's introduction of market mechanisms in Perestroika?
To reduce the burden of subsidizing inefficient state companies
What was the outcome of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
Reduced government control over the means of production
What was the consequence of the relaxation of censorship under Glasnost?
A surge in public dissatisfaction and criticism of the Communist Party
What was the primary goal of Gorbachev's policy of reducing military spending?
To reduce the financial burden on the Soviet economy
What was the outcome of the privatization of small businesses under Perestroika?
Improved efficiency and productivity in consumer goods
What was the consequence of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989?
Reduced military spending and focus on internal development
What was the impact of Glasnost on the expression of ethnic and national grievances?
Increased freedom of expression and criticism
What was the significance of Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
A radical shift towards liberalization and democratization
What was the outcome of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
A push for greater autonomy and eventually, the dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was the consequence of the introduction of private and foreign investment in Perestroika?
The introduction of supply-and-demand dynamics in certain sectors
What was a primary consequence of the public discussion about the darker periods of Soviet history, including the Stalinist purges and the Gulag system?
It contributed to the strengthening of civil society in the Soviet Union.
What was a key factor in the unintended consequences of Glasnost, including the unrest that eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991?
The pent-up frustrations and ethnic and national tensions within the diverse Soviet states.
What was a significant outcome of the increased public discourse and criticism of government policies under Glasnost?
Corruption and inefficiency within the government were rooted out.
What was a key aspect of the release of political prisoners under Glasnost?
It was a symbolic gesture towards rectifying past injustices and symbolizing a new era of more humane governance.
What was a consequence of the exposure of Soviet history under Glasnost?
It resulted in a more accurate and nuanced understanding of Soviet history.
What was a significant outcome of the cultural and intellectual revival under Glasnost?
Artists, writers, and filmmakers began to engage in new works that explored a variety of themes.
What was a consequence of the increased transparency and freedom of speech under Glasnost?
The public became more engaged in the political process, leading to increased pressure on the government to reform.
What was a key aspect of the strengthening of civil society in the Soviet Union under Glasnost?
The government encouraged the development of NGOs and more robust dialogue about state functions.
What was a consequence of the economic strains and public disillusionment resulting from Glasnost?
The economic difficulties were exacerbated, leading to panic and further economic instability.
What was a key feature of the electoral reforms under Glasnost?
The reforms provided a platform for somewhat more democratic processes compared to the past.
Which of the following was NOT a primary challenge faced by Gorbachev during his reforms?
Economic instability in the Soviet Union's satellite states
What was the primary consequence of the decentralization of production decisions under Perestroika?
A significant shift of power from the central government to regional authorities
Which of the following was a consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the end of the Cold War era
What was the primary goal of Gorbachev's reforms, Perestroika and Glasnost?
To strengthen the Soviet system by making it more transparent and accountable
Which of the following was a consequence of the rise of nationalism within the Soviet republics?
The acceleration of nationalist movements and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union
What was the primary outcome of the increased transparency and freedom of speech introduced by Glasnost?
The erosion of the Communist Party's control over the narrative and governance of the country
Which of the following was a significant consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991?
The emergence of the United States as the sole global superpower
What was the primary outcome of Gorbachev's proposal for a new federation of states?
The rejection of the proposal by the Soviet republics and their eventual independence
Which of the following was a key factor in the destabilization of the Soviet economy?
Heavy military expenditures and inefficiencies in state-run industries
What was the primary consequence of the increased freedoms and transparency brought by Glasnost?
The erosion of the Communist Party's control over the narrative and governance of the country
What was the primary reason for Western countries' support of the National Party before 1989?
The National Party's stance against communism
What was the impact of the Soviet Union's collapse on the African National Congress's military and financial support?
It was completely cut off
What was the outcome of the National Party's reevaluation of its support from Western countries after 1989?
Increased pressure to dismantle the apartheid system
What was the consequence of the shift in Western attitudes towards the African National Congress after 1989?
The ANC was viewed as a legitimate representative of black South Africans
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the National Party's justification of apartheid?
It weakened the National Party's security grounds for apartheid
What was the outcome of the changing global context and shifts in international support for the National Party and the African National Congress?
Both parties were compelled to find common ground and negotiate
What was the National Party's stance during the Cold War, which garnered it sympathy and support from the West?
Anti-communist stance
What was the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on the African National Congress's strategy?
It compelled the ANC to adapt its strategies in the absence of Soviet backing
What was the outcome of the National Party's loss of strategic value in the eyes of Western nations?
Increased pressure on the National Party to dismantle the apartheid system
What was the catalyst for negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress?
The external geopolitical changes and shifts in international support
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