Underground Team Signals
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Questions and Answers

Who typically gives the distress signal on an underground team?

  • Only during training exercises
  • The Vice-Captain (correct)
  • Any team member
  • The Captain

    • What does the signal 'One' indicate?

  • To call for assistance
  • To rest
  • To advance if stopped; to stop if in motion (correct)
  • To retreat

    • What is the primary responsibility of a mine rescue team?

  • Fight fires and control chemical spills
  • Control the scene and assist with casualty extrication (correct)
  • Provide first aid only
  • Only provide technical rescue operations

    • What happens when the signal 'Four' is given?

    <p>All team members look at the person giving the signal and receive further instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should resume leading the team after a retreat?

    <p>The Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does response begin for a mine rescue team?

    <p>When the team is alerted to an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the signal 'Five' used for?

    <p>To retreat immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Vice-Captain during travel?

    <p>To observe team members and notice signs of distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in a mine rescue team's responsibilities?

    <p>Controlling the scene, ensuring the MERP is initiated, and assisting with casualty extrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of death for people in the outdoors?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chilling by cold, wind, or water?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the development of hypothermia?

    <p>Inadequate clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about hypothermia?

    <p>It's caused by overexposure to a cold environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of wetness on hypothermia?

    <p>It contributes to the development of hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected survival time if the water temperature is 10°C?

    <p>1-3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the body losing heat faster than it can produce it?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of wind on hypothermia?

    <p>It contributes to the development of hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by a lowered internal body-core temperature?

    <p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of load reduction is recommended for clear blue river-ice?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the strongest form of ice?

    <p>Clear or natural ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is slush ice composed of?

    <p>Snow saturated with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the speed of a vehicle affect the ice?

    <p>It creates a resonance wave that can affect the ice's strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the size and speed of the resonance wave?

    <p>Both depth of the water and weight of the vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum allowable speed for an empty vehicle on an ice road?

    <p>35 km/h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do cracks in ice affect its ability to support a load?

    <p>Cracks reduce the strength of the ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a vehicle travels on ice?

    <p>It creates a resonance wave in the underlying water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an ice failure caused by the resonance wave?

    <p>Ice blowout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to tires if a vehicle contacts overhead power lines?

    <p>They can explode on contact or start burning inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after an incident can a tire explode due to built-up gases and heat?

    <p>Up to 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hazard to operators of heavy equipment during trenching and excavation activities?

    <p>Buried power and communication lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should rescue teams assume about electrical wires and equipment during an emergency?

    <p>They are energized until proven otherwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should response vehicles do when arriving at the incident scene?

    <p>Stage at a distance that avoids exposure to electrical hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should isolate power at the incident scene?

    <p>Authorized personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be used when working near energy sources as per site-specific isolation procedures?

    <p>Lock-out/tag-out devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be controlled at the incident scene?

    <p>Unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be guarded against during electrical emergencies?

    <p>Electrical shocks, burns, and eye injuries from electrical arcs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Threshold Limit Value – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)?

    <p>To prevent irritation and chronic tissue damage from a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of a TLV-STEL exposure?

    <p>15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum time required between successive exposures at the TLV-STEL?

    <p>60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling (TLV-C)?

    <p>To set a maximum concentration that should not be exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are TLV-STELs recommended only for certain substances?

    <p>Because they have been reported to cause acute effects at high short-term exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct interpretation of a TLV-STEL?

    <p>A supplement to the time-weighted average limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of considering combined Threshold Limit Values?

    <p>To consider the effects of multiple substances on the same target or system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times can a worker be exposed to a substance at the TLV-STEL in a day?

    <p>Four times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the TLV-STEL and the daily TLV-TWA?

    <p>The TLV-STEL is a supplement to the TLV-TWA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of distributing work among mine rescue team members?

    <p>To increase the overall effectiveness of the rescue operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when extra personnel are added to a rescue team?

    <p>They are assigned a number in sequence beyond the original six members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of mine rescue teams that comprise a mine rescue unit?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for teams to follow the same numbering format for team designations during mutual aid?

    <p>To ensure all responsibilities are assigned in an orderly manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rotating teams in a mine rescue unit?

    <p>To reduce fatigue among team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not rotating teams in a mine rescue unit?

    <p>Increased fatigue among team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration before additional teams must be called in to a mine rescue operation?

    <p>Six hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of communication among mine rescue team members?

    <p>Electronic devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Team Captain in a mine rescue operation?

    <p>To give directions to team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many teams are deployed in a nine-team rotation?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of carrying whistles for surface team members?

    <p>For secondary communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected of mine rescue team members?

    <p>To observe strict discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are teams deployed in the nine-team rotation?

    <p>In a sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nine-team rotation?

    <p>To extend rest time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of hours a team can be active in a three-team unit?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of rest do teams get in a six-team arrangement?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of duties for a team in a three-team unit?

    <p>Active, Standby, Reserve, Rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many teams are in the rotation shown in Fig 2.2?

    <p>9 teams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of hours in a rotation in a six-team arrangement?

    <p>12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of a team that is not active or on standby?

    <p>Reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours of active duty does a team have in a nine-team arrangement?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the responsibility of mine rescue members upon arriving at the incident scene?

    <p>Control the scene, ensure MERP is initiated, and ensure safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signal is given by the Vice-Captain to indicate distress?

    <p>Signal Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the standard set of signals used by underground teams?

    <p>To communicate effectively during travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should lead the team in retreat for short distances through explored areas?

    <p>The Vice-Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the signal 'Five' indicate?

    <p>To retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Captain during travel?

    <p>Leading the team</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does response begin for a mine rescue team?

    <p>When the team is alerted to an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of size-up in a rescue operation?

    <p>To accomplish a safe and efficient rescue operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the information gathered from the initial call?

    <p>Nature and location of emergency, number of people involved, and weather conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is freelancing unacceptable in a rescue operation?

    <p>It is unacceptable and must not be tolerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of preparation in response elements?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of establishing accountability at the incident scene?

    <p>To account for the responding rescue team members first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of safe travel to the incident scene?

    <p>To ensure the safety of the responding team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of observing details en route to the incident scene?

    <p>To observe signs of hazardous conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Captain in a mine rescue team?

    <p>To determine and inspect all aspects of a rescue operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for monitoring team members and warning the Captain of distress or fatigue?

    <p>The Vice-Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Co-ordinator in an underground team?

    <p>To provide direction from the surface incident command centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of members in a standard mine rescue team?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of team members in a mine rescue team?

    <p>To recognize hazards and relay that information to other team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who takes control of the team if the Captain is unable to perform their responsibilities?

    <p>The Vice-Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Captain in a mine rescue team?

    <p>To direct and assist the work of team members at the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Vice-Captain in a mine rescue team?

    <p>To monitor team members for distress or fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Captain's knowledge of facilities at the mine?

    <p>To understand the layout of the mine for effective rescue operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the team in a mine rescue operation?

    <p>To rescue people in distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Underground Team Signals

    • The Captain and Vice-Captain carry a horn, bell, whistle, or use other site-specific methods/devices to communicate with the team.
    • Standard Code of Signals:
      • One: To advance if stopped; to stop if in motion.
      • Two: To rest.
      • Three (Distress): Signal given by the Vice-Captain to indicate signs of distress.
      • Four (Attention): Team members look at the signaler and receive further instructions.
      • Five (Retreat): Team immediately retreats in the direction they came from.

    Decision-Making Processes

    • Mine rescue members are the first trained personnel to arrive at the incident scene and are responsible for:
      • Controlling the scene
      • Ensuring the MERP is initiated
      • Ensuring the safety of self, team, casualties, and bystanders
      • Assisting with casualty extrication and first aid
      • Fighting fires
      • Controlling chemical spills

    Response and Size Up

    • Response begins when a rescue team is alerted to an incident and involves:
      • Safely traveling to and arriving at the incident scene
      • Staging and securing equipment and vehicles
    • Ice types and strengths:
      • Clear blue river-ice (strongest)
      • Slush ice (weaker)
    • Loads should be reduced by at least 15% on clear or natural ice.
    • Cracks in ice can affect its ability to support a load.
    • Vehicle speed limits on ice roads:
      • 25 km/h for loaded vehicles
      • 35 km/h for empty vehicles

    Hypothermia and Water Immersion

    • Hypothermia: a condition of lowered internal body-core temperature (exposure sickness).
    • Causes of hypothermia:
      • Inadequate clothing
      • Alcohol or drugs in the body
      • Wetness (perspiration, rain)
      • Exhaustion, dehydration, and lack of nutrition
    • Factors contributing to hypothermia:
      • Wind and water
      • Temperature
      • Duration of exposure
    • Symptoms of hypothermia:
      • Visible symptoms indicate the onset of hypothermia
      • Advance stages are marked by recognizable symptoms

    Heavy Equipment and Ground Engagement

    • Hazards of heavy equipment:
      • Electrical current flowing through the vehicle and tires
      • Tires may explode or burn due to gas buildup
    • Hazards of ground engagement:
      • Buried power and communication lines
      • Penetration of energized power lines

    Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies

    • Assume all electrical wires and equipment are energized until proven otherwise.
    • Ensure energy isolation is complete prior to conducting rescue operations.
    • Stage response vehicles at a safe distance to avoid exposure to electrical hazards.
    • Control the incident scene to eliminate unauthorized access and prevent exposure to electrical hazards.
    • Wait for authorized personnel to isolate power.
    • Use lock-out/tag-out devices when working near energy sources.

    Threshold Limit Values

    • Threshold Limit Value – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL):
      • Concentration to which workers can be exposed for a short period without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis.
      • Supplements the time-weighted average (TWA) limit.
    • Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling (TLV-C):
      • Concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
    • Combined Threshold Limit Values:
      • Consider the combined effect of multiple hazardous substances with similar toxicological effects.

    Mine Rescue Team Operations

    • A mine rescue team must rest regularly and be constantly observed for signs of distress in any member.
    • Work must be distributed as evenly as possible among all members.
    • Team Captains delegate duties among team members, including:
      • Exploring affected areas of the mine
      • Rope work and rigging
      • Firefighting
      • First aid
      • Extrication

    Team Structure and Mutual Aid

    • A mine rescue team consists of a minimum of six members, with the ability to add members based on requirements or specific skill sets.
    • Additional team members are assigned numbers in sequence beyond the original six members.
    • Large incidents may require mutual aid from other mines or emergency agencies.
    • Collaboration with mine rescue teams follows the same numbering format for team designations to ensure aligned communication and assigned responsibilities.

    Mine Rescue Unit

    • A mine rescue unit consists of a minimum of three mine rescue teams summoned to a mine disaster.
    • If the operation extends beyond six hours, additional teams must be called in.
    • Teams rotate to allow one team at work, one team on standby, and the third team at rest.
    • With a nine-team rotation, the rest time will be extended to match the teams deployed to the mine emergency.

    Communication and Signaling

    • All team members must observe strict discipline and obey directions given by the Team Captain.
    • Primary communication is done via electronic devices, such as phones or intrinsically safe radios.
    • Surface team members carry whistles for secondary communication.
    • Underground teams use horns, bells, or whistles for secondary communication.
    • A standard set of signals has been established, including:
      • One: Advance if stopped; stop if in motion.
      • Two: Rest.
      • Three (Distress): Signal given by the Vice-Captain to indicate signs of distress.
      • Four (Attention): Signal to receive further instructions.
      • Five (Retreat): Signal to immediately retreat in the direction from which they have come.

    Decision-Making Processes

    • Mine rescue responsibilities are very demanding and require:
      • Controlling the scene
      • Ensuring the MERP is initiated
      • Ensuring the safety of self and team, casualties, and bystanders
      • Assisting with casualty extrication and first aid
      • Fighting fires
      • Controlling chemical spills

    Response and Size Up

    • Response begins when a rescue team is alerted to an incident.
    • Response elements include:
      • Preparation
      • Method of alert/notification
      • Establishing communication
      • Safe travel to the incident
      • Arrival at the scene
    • Size up is a systematic process of gathering information and situational evaluation that continues throughout the operation.
    • Size up includes:
      1. Information gathered from the initial call
      2. Details observed en route
      3. Details observed at the scene
      4. The Captain's evaluation

    Captain and Vice-Captain Responsibilities

    • The Captain is the No. 1 member on the team and must be a competent leader with confidence and respect from team members.
    • The Captain's responsibilities include:
      • Ensuring team is response-ready
      • Ensuring equipment is response-ready
      • Ensuring safe operation of all rescue equipment
      • Communicating within the emergency response structure
      • Knowledge of all facilities at the mine and relevant hazards
      • Directing and assisting the work of team members at the scene
      • Determining and inspecting all aspects of a rescue operation
      • Establishing and maintaining incident scene security and control
    • The Vice-Captain is the No. 2 member on the team and must have the same qualifications as the Captain.
    • The Vice-Captain's responsibilities include:
      • Monitoring team members for signs of distress or fatigue
      • Warning the Captain if any member shows signs of distress or fatigue
      • Ensuring team members rotate while carrying a stretcher over distances to prevent fatigue

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    Learn the standard code of signals used by the Captain and Vice-Captain to communicate with the team during underground operations.

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