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Underground Team Signals

Learn the standard code of signals used by the Captain and Vice-Captain to communicate with the team during underground operations.

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Questions and Answers

Who typically gives the distress signal on an underground team?

The Vice-Captain

What does the signal 'One' indicate?

To advance if stopped; to stop if in motion

What is the primary responsibility of a mine rescue team?

Control the scene and assist with casualty extrication

What happens when the signal 'Four' is given?

<p>All team members look at the person giving the signal and receive further instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should resume leading the team after a retreat?

<p>The Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does response begin for a mine rescue team?

<p>When the team is alerted to an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the signal 'Five' used for?

<p>To retreat immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Vice-Captain during travel?

<p>To observe team members and notice signs of distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in a mine rescue team's responsibilities?

<p>Controlling the scene, ensuring the MERP is initiated, and assisting with casualty extrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of death for people in the outdoors?

<p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of chilling by cold, wind, or water?

<p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the development of hypothermia?

<p>Inadequate clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about hypothermia?

<p>It's caused by overexposure to a cold environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of wetness on hypothermia?

<p>It contributes to the development of hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected survival time if the water temperature is 10°C?

<p>1-3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the body losing heat faster than it can produce it?

<p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of wind on hypothermia?

<p>It contributes to the development of hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by a lowered internal body-core temperature?

<p>Hypothermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of load reduction is recommended for clear blue river-ice?

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongest form of ice?

<p>Clear or natural ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is slush ice composed of?

<p>Snow saturated with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of a vehicle affect the ice?

<p>It creates a resonance wave that can affect the ice's strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the size and speed of the resonance wave?

<p>Both depth of the water and weight of the vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable speed for an empty vehicle on an ice road?

<p>35 km/h</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cracks in ice affect its ability to support a load?

<p>Cracks reduce the strength of the ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a vehicle travels on ice?

<p>It creates a resonance wave in the underlying water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an ice failure caused by the resonance wave?

<p>Ice blowout</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to tires if a vehicle contacts overhead power lines?

<p>They can explode on contact or start burning inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long after an incident can a tire explode due to built-up gases and heat?

<p>Up to 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hazard to operators of heavy equipment during trenching and excavation activities?

<p>Buried power and communication lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should rescue teams assume about electrical wires and equipment during an emergency?

<p>They are energized until proven otherwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should response vehicles do when arriving at the incident scene?

<p>Stage at a distance that avoids exposure to electrical hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should isolate power at the incident scene?

<p>Authorized personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be used when working near energy sources as per site-specific isolation procedures?

<p>Lock-out/tag-out devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be controlled at the incident scene?

<p>Unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be guarded against during electrical emergencies?

<p>Electrical shocks, burns, and eye injuries from electrical arcs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Threshold Limit Value – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)?

<p>To prevent irritation and chronic tissue damage from a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of a TLV-STEL exposure?

<p>15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum time required between successive exposures at the TLV-STEL?

<p>60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling (TLV-C)?

<p>To set a maximum concentration that should not be exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are TLV-STELs recommended only for certain substances?

<p>Because they have been reported to cause acute effects at high short-term exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct interpretation of a TLV-STEL?

<p>A supplement to the time-weighted average limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of considering combined Threshold Limit Values?

<p>To consider the effects of multiple substances on the same target or system</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times can a worker be exposed to a substance at the TLV-STEL in a day?

<p>Four times</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the TLV-STEL and the daily TLV-TWA?

<p>The TLV-STEL is a supplement to the TLV-TWA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of distributing work among mine rescue team members?

<p>To increase the overall effectiveness of the rescue operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when extra personnel are added to a rescue team?

<p>They are assigned a number in sequence beyond the original six members</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of mine rescue teams that comprise a mine rescue unit?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for teams to follow the same numbering format for team designations during mutual aid?

<p>To ensure all responsibilities are assigned in an orderly manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of rotating teams in a mine rescue unit?

<p>To reduce fatigue among team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of not rotating teams in a mine rescue unit?

<p>Increased fatigue among team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration before additional teams must be called in to a mine rescue operation?

<p>Six hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of communication among mine rescue team members?

<p>Electronic devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Team Captain in a mine rescue operation?

<p>To give directions to team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many teams are deployed in a nine-team rotation?

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of carrying whistles for surface team members?

<p>For secondary communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected of mine rescue team members?

<p>To observe strict discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are teams deployed in the nine-team rotation?

<p>In a sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the nine-team rotation?

<p>To extend rest time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of hours a team can be active in a three-team unit?

<p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hours of rest do teams get in a six-team arrangement?

<p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of duties for a team in a three-team unit?

<p>Active, Standby, Reserve, Rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many teams are in the rotation shown in Fig 2.2?

<p>9 teams</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of hours in a rotation in a six-team arrangement?

<p>12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of a team that is not active or on standby?

<p>Reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hours of active duty does a team have in a nine-team arrangement?

<p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of mine rescue members upon arriving at the incident scene?

<p>Control the scene, ensure MERP is initiated, and ensure safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signal is given by the Vice-Captain to indicate distress?

<p>Signal Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the standard set of signals used by underground teams?

<p>To communicate effectively during travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should lead the team in retreat for short distances through explored areas?

<p>The Vice-Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the signal 'Five' indicate?

<p>To retreat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Captain during travel?

<p>Leading the team</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does response begin for a mine rescue team?

<p>When the team is alerted to an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of size-up in a rescue operation?

<p>To accomplish a safe and efficient rescue operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the information gathered from the initial call?

<p>Nature and location of emergency, number of people involved, and weather conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is freelancing unacceptable in a rescue operation?

<p>It is unacceptable and must not be tolerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of preparation in response elements?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing accountability at the incident scene?

<p>To account for the responding rescue team members first</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of safe travel to the incident scene?

<p>To ensure the safety of the responding team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of observing details en route to the incident scene?

<p>To observe signs of hazardous conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Captain in a mine rescue team?

<p>To determine and inspect all aspects of a rescue operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for monitoring team members and warning the Captain of distress or fatigue?

<p>The Vice-Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Co-ordinator in an underground team?

<p>To provide direction from the surface incident command centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of members in a standard mine rescue team?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of team members in a mine rescue team?

<p>To recognize hazards and relay that information to other team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who takes control of the team if the Captain is unable to perform their responsibilities?

<p>The Vice-Captain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Captain in a mine rescue team?

<p>To direct and assist the work of team members at the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Vice-Captain in a mine rescue team?

<p>To monitor team members for distress or fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Captain's knowledge of facilities at the mine?

<p>To understand the layout of the mine for effective rescue operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the team in a mine rescue operation?

<p>To rescue people in distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Underground Team Signals

  • The Captain and Vice-Captain carry a horn, bell, whistle, or use other site-specific methods/devices to communicate with the team.
  • Standard Code of Signals:
    • One: To advance if stopped; to stop if in motion.
    • Two: To rest.
    • Three (Distress): Signal given by the Vice-Captain to indicate signs of distress.
    • Four (Attention): Team members look at the signaler and receive further instructions.
    • Five (Retreat): Team immediately retreats in the direction they came from.

Decision-Making Processes

  • Mine rescue members are the first trained personnel to arrive at the incident scene and are responsible for:
    • Controlling the scene
    • Ensuring the MERP is initiated
    • Ensuring the safety of self, team, casualties, and bystanders
    • Assisting with casualty extrication and first aid
    • Fighting fires
    • Controlling chemical spills

Response and Size Up

  • Response begins when a rescue team is alerted to an incident and involves:
    • Safely traveling to and arriving at the incident scene
    • Staging and securing equipment and vehicles
  • Ice types and strengths:
    • Clear blue river-ice (strongest)
    • Slush ice (weaker)
  • Loads should be reduced by at least 15% on clear or natural ice.
  • Cracks in ice can affect its ability to support a load.
  • Vehicle speed limits on ice roads:
    • 25 km/h for loaded vehicles
    • 35 km/h for empty vehicles

Hypothermia and Water Immersion

  • Hypothermia: a condition of lowered internal body-core temperature (exposure sickness).
  • Causes of hypothermia:
    • Inadequate clothing
    • Alcohol or drugs in the body
    • Wetness (perspiration, rain)
    • Exhaustion, dehydration, and lack of nutrition
  • Factors contributing to hypothermia:
    • Wind and water
    • Temperature
    • Duration of exposure
  • Symptoms of hypothermia:
    • Visible symptoms indicate the onset of hypothermia
    • Advance stages are marked by recognizable symptoms

Heavy Equipment and Ground Engagement

  • Hazards of heavy equipment:
    • Electrical current flowing through the vehicle and tires
    • Tires may explode or burn due to gas buildup
  • Hazards of ground engagement:
    • Buried power and communication lines
    • Penetration of energized power lines

Guidelines for Electrical Emergencies

  • Assume all electrical wires and equipment are energized until proven otherwise.
  • Ensure energy isolation is complete prior to conducting rescue operations.
  • Stage response vehicles at a safe distance to avoid exposure to electrical hazards.
  • Control the incident scene to eliminate unauthorized access and prevent exposure to electrical hazards.
  • Wait for authorized personnel to isolate power.
  • Use lock-out/tag-out devices when working near energy sources.

Threshold Limit Values

  • Threshold Limit Value – Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL):
    • Concentration to which workers can be exposed for a short period without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis.
    • Supplements the time-weighted average (TWA) limit.
  • Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling (TLV-C):
    • Concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.
  • Combined Threshold Limit Values:
    • Consider the combined effect of multiple hazardous substances with similar toxicological effects.

Mine Rescue Team Operations

  • A mine rescue team must rest regularly and be constantly observed for signs of distress in any member.
  • Work must be distributed as evenly as possible among all members.
  • Team Captains delegate duties among team members, including:
    • Exploring affected areas of the mine
    • Rope work and rigging
    • Firefighting
    • First aid
    • Extrication

Team Structure and Mutual Aid

  • A mine rescue team consists of a minimum of six members, with the ability to add members based on requirements or specific skill sets.
  • Additional team members are assigned numbers in sequence beyond the original six members.
  • Large incidents may require mutual aid from other mines or emergency agencies.
  • Collaboration with mine rescue teams follows the same numbering format for team designations to ensure aligned communication and assigned responsibilities.

Mine Rescue Unit

  • A mine rescue unit consists of a minimum of three mine rescue teams summoned to a mine disaster.
  • If the operation extends beyond six hours, additional teams must be called in.
  • Teams rotate to allow one team at work, one team on standby, and the third team at rest.
  • With a nine-team rotation, the rest time will be extended to match the teams deployed to the mine emergency.

Communication and Signaling

  • All team members must observe strict discipline and obey directions given by the Team Captain.
  • Primary communication is done via electronic devices, such as phones or intrinsically safe radios.
  • Surface team members carry whistles for secondary communication.
  • Underground teams use horns, bells, or whistles for secondary communication.
  • A standard set of signals has been established, including:
    • One: Advance if stopped; stop if in motion.
    • Two: Rest.
    • Three (Distress): Signal given by the Vice-Captain to indicate signs of distress.
    • Four (Attention): Signal to receive further instructions.
    • Five (Retreat): Signal to immediately retreat in the direction from which they have come.

Decision-Making Processes

  • Mine rescue responsibilities are very demanding and require:
    • Controlling the scene
    • Ensuring the MERP is initiated
    • Ensuring the safety of self and team, casualties, and bystanders
    • Assisting with casualty extrication and first aid
    • Fighting fires
    • Controlling chemical spills

Response and Size Up

  • Response begins when a rescue team is alerted to an incident.
  • Response elements include:
    • Preparation
    • Method of alert/notification
    • Establishing communication
    • Safe travel to the incident
    • Arrival at the scene
  • Size up is a systematic process of gathering information and situational evaluation that continues throughout the operation.
  • Size up includes:
    1. Information gathered from the initial call
    2. Details observed en route
    3. Details observed at the scene
    4. The Captain's evaluation

Captain and Vice-Captain Responsibilities

  • The Captain is the No. 1 member on the team and must be a competent leader with confidence and respect from team members.
  • The Captain's responsibilities include:
    • Ensuring team is response-ready
    • Ensuring equipment is response-ready
    • Ensuring safe operation of all rescue equipment
    • Communicating within the emergency response structure
    • Knowledge of all facilities at the mine and relevant hazards
    • Directing and assisting the work of team members at the scene
    • Determining and inspecting all aspects of a rescue operation
    • Establishing and maintaining incident scene security and control
  • The Vice-Captain is the No. 2 member on the team and must have the same qualifications as the Captain.
  • The Vice-Captain's responsibilities include:
    • Monitoring team members for signs of distress or fatigue
    • Warning the Captain if any member shows signs of distress or fatigue
    • Ensuring team members rotate while carrying a stretcher over distances to prevent fatigue

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