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CEST-CE Term_2 GNU/LINUX (Week 4)

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Questions and Answers

What is stored with the inode, not the name?

Attributes

What command can be used to see the inode numbers paired with each name?

ls -i

What is the purpose of the link count in a hard link?

Counts the number of names

What is a soft link also known as?

<p>Symbolic link</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the link count of an empty directory?

<p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the super-user account root do on a Unix system?

<p>Access and do anything to any inode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are soft links considered second-class citizens?

<p>Because they are not as reliable as hard links</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you try to access a dangling symlink?

<p>You get a confusing error message</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the -inum expression operator in the find command?

<p>To find all files with a given inode number</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link?

<p>A hard link points to an inode, a symbolic link points to a file name</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the /etc/passwd file?

<p>To map a user ID number to a name</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the usermod command?

<p>To change the name of a user or group</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many owners can a file system inode have?

<p>One user ID and one group ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the permissions of a process?

<p>The user ID and group IDs of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the groups command?

<p>To display the group IDs of the current user</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of permission is required to execute a file?

<p>eXecute permission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you change the permissions of a symbolic link?

<p>Nothing happens, permissions are ignored on symbolic links</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the chmod command?

<p>To change the permissions of a file</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of link is a directory entry that points to an inode?

<p>Hard link</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a directory and its inode?

<p>A directory is a name that points to an inode</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term 'file' often referred to in Unix/Linux?

<p>Anything in the file system: files, directories, links, devices, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be read as if it were a regular file, with sufficient permissions?

<p>Devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do directories map?

<p>Names to inode numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of inodes?

<p>They are a fixed resource</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in inodes?

<p>Pointers to disk blocks and attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a directory and its inode?

<p>A directory maps to its inode</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ROOT directory inode?

<p>It has no name because there is no directory above it to give it one</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of having multiple names for one inode?

<p>One inode, many names</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between an inode and a file system object?

<p>An inode contains information about a file system object</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the file system diagrams show?

<p>The file system hierarchy and how the information is actually stored on the disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is not a directory operation?

<p>Changing the permissions of a file</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a link count in a hard link?

<p>To count the number of names associated with an inode</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you try to access a symbolic link that points to a non-existent file?

<p>The system returns an error message</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a directory and its inode?

<p>A directory points to an inode</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of having multiple names for one inode?

<p>It allows for increased flexibility in file system organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a directory entry that points to an inode?

<p>Name</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the /etc/group file?

<p>Maps each group ID number to a name</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the usermod and groupmod commands?

<p>To change the name of a user or a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a directory and its inode?

<p>A directory is a name, and an inode is the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the id command?

<p>To show the user ID and group IDs of the current user</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many group IDs can a process have?

<p>One or multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the whoami command?

<p>To show the name of the current user</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in the inode?

<p>The file permissions and owner/group IDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of having multiple names for one inode?

<p>The file has multiple names, also known as hard links</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a directory in Unix/Linux?

<p>A mapping of names to inode numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inodes in a file system?

<p>To contain pointers to disk blocks and file attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of having multiple names for one inode?

<p>The mapping of multiple names to one inode</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in an inode?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the root directory inode?

<p>An inode that has no name</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do file system diagrams show?

<p>The relationship between directories and inodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Directories and Inodes

  • Every directory except the ROOT directory has a name, which is stored in a directory inode above it.
  • Directories hold only names and inode numbers, not attributes.
  • Attributes are stored with the inode, not the name.

Inodes

  • An inode stores attribute information of a file system object.
  • To find out attribute information, you must use the inode number to find the inode and look at the item's attributes.
  • Inodes contain pointers to disk blocks.
  • Inodes contain attributes (owners, permissions, times, etc.).
  • Inodes are unique inside a file system.
  • Inodes are a fixed resource.
  • Multiple names can point to the same inode (hard links).
  • The link count counts the number of names pointing to an inode.
  • Creating a hard link (ln) increases the link count, while removing a name (rm) decreases the link count.
  • An empty directory has a link count of two.
  • Soft links are created using the ln command with the -s option.
  • Soft links can be dangling, meaning the target does not exist.
  • Soft links are second-class citizens.
  • Relative and absolute targets can be used for soft links.

File Systems and Permissions

  • Unix/Linux is a multi-user system, with the super-user account (root) having access to everything.
  • File systems contain names of directories and files.
  • Files are a list of bytes.
  • Even hardware devices have file names.
  • Inodes contain information on file system objects.
  • Permissions are used to control access to file system objects.

Users, Groups, and Processes

  • The password file (/etc/passwd) maps a user ID number to a name.
  • The group file (/etc/group) maps each group ID number to a name.
  • User IDs and group IDs are used to calculate permissions.
  • Processes run with a user ID and multiple group IDs.

Permissions and Inodes

  • Inodes have one owner (user ID) and one group.
  • Permissions are used to match the login user ID and groups to inode owner and group.
  • Symbolic mode and numeric mode can be used to set permissions.
  • Permissions can be set for the owner, group, and others.
  • Execute/Search permissions are used for directories.

Directories and Inodes

  • Every directory except the ROOT directory has a name, which is stored in a directory inode above it.
  • Directories hold only names and inode numbers, not attributes.
  • Attributes are stored with the inode, not the name.

Inodes

  • An inode stores attribute information of a file system object.
  • To find out attribute information, you must use the inode number to find the inode and look at the item's attributes.
  • Inodes contain pointers to disk blocks.
  • Inodes contain attributes (owners, permissions, times, etc.).
  • Inodes are unique inside a file system.
  • Inodes are a fixed resource.
  • Multiple names can point to the same inode (hard links).
  • The link count counts the number of names pointing to an inode.
  • Creating a hard link (ln) increases the link count, while removing a name (rm) decreases the link count.
  • An empty directory has a link count of two.
  • Soft links are created using the ln command with the -s option.
  • Soft links can be dangling, meaning the target does not exist.
  • Soft links are second-class citizens.
  • Relative and absolute targets can be used for soft links.

File Systems and Permissions

  • Unix/Linux is a multi-user system, with the super-user account (root) having access to everything.
  • File systems contain names of directories and files.
  • Files are a list of bytes.
  • Even hardware devices have file names.
  • Inodes contain information on file system objects.
  • Permissions are used to control access to file system objects.

Users, Groups, and Processes

  • The password file (/etc/passwd) maps a user ID number to a name.
  • The group file (/etc/group) maps each group ID number to a name.
  • User IDs and group IDs are used to calculate permissions.
  • Processes run with a user ID and multiple group IDs.

Permissions and Inodes

  • Inodes have one owner (user ID) and one group.
  • Permissions are used to match the login user ID and groups to inode owner and group.
  • Symbolic mode and numeric mode can be used to set permissions.
  • Permissions can be set for the owner, group, and others.
  • Execute/Search permissions are used for directories.

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