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Questions and Answers
Who is credited with generating organized support behind the idea of Zionism?
Who is credited with generating organized support behind the idea of Zionism?
- Babette Léonard
- Lord Rothschild
- Arthur Balfour
- Theodor Herzl (correct)
What was the significance of the Balfour Declaration?
What was the significance of the Balfour Declaration?
- It partitioned Palestine into Jewish and Arab parts.
- It stated the official British support for a Jewish State in Palestine. (correct)
- It was a letter from Herzl to the British Government.
- It opposed the creation of a Jewish State in Palestine.
Why were there mounting tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine in 1947?
Why were there mounting tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine in 1947?
- Because of the increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine (correct)
- Because of the Arab-Israeli War
- Because of the Holocaust
- Because of the UN partition plan
What was the purpose of the UN partition plan in 1947?
What was the purpose of the UN partition plan in 1947?
Which of the following was NOT a possible location for the creation of a Jewish State?
Which of the following was NOT a possible location for the creation of a Jewish State?
What was the outcome of the Arab-Israeli War in 1948?
What was the outcome of the Arab-Israeli War in 1948?
Why did the USA say the UK needed to have some Jewish immigrants?
Why did the USA say the UK needed to have some Jewish immigrants?
What was the significance of 1948 in the context of the creation of the State of Israel?
What was the significance of 1948 in the context of the creation of the State of Israel?
What was a major contributor to Western economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s?
What was a major contributor to Western economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s?
What was the outcome of the 1971 OPEC agreement?
What was the outcome of the 1971 OPEC agreement?
What was the result of the 1973 Middle East War on oil prices?
What was the result of the 1973 Middle East War on oil prices?
What was the consequence of the 1973 oil embargo on Western economies?
What was the consequence of the 1973 oil embargo on Western economies?
What happened to the oil profits invested through Western banks?
What happened to the oil profits invested through Western banks?
What was the turning point in relations between oil producers and their suppliers?
What was the turning point in relations between oil producers and their suppliers?
What was the percentage increase in oil prices by OPEC in October 1973?
What was the percentage increase in oil prices by OPEC in October 1973?
What is the goal of building Iran as a regional superpower?
What is the goal of building Iran as a regional superpower?
What was the reason for the Arab oil producers' embargo on oil supplies in 1973?
What was the reason for the Arab oil producers' embargo on oil supplies in 1973?
Why is Iran not involved in the Arab-Israeli feud?
Why is Iran not involved in the Arab-Israeli feud?
What was the Shah's ambition for Iran?
What was the Shah's ambition for Iran?
What was a result of the country's quick evolution and expansion?
What was a result of the country's quick evolution and expansion?
What was a problem that troubled the country in addition to inflation?
What was a problem that troubled the country in addition to inflation?
What was Iran one of the highest buyers of?
What was Iran one of the highest buyers of?
Who became the Prime Minister of Iran in 1978?
Who became the Prime Minister of Iran in 1978?
When did Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini return to Iran?
When did Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini return to Iran?
What was the reason for the fear of Soviet influence in the Gulf region?
What was the reason for the fear of Soviet influence in the Gulf region?
When did Afghanistan gain its independence from the British?
When did Afghanistan gain its independence from the British?
What was Prince Daoud's goal after the coup in 1973?
What was Prince Daoud's goal after the coup in 1973?
What was the response of the Afghan population to Taraki's reform programme?
What was the response of the Afghan population to Taraki's reform programme?
What was the outcome of Taraki's radical reform programme?
What was the outcome of Taraki's radical reform programme?
What was the response of the communist government to opposing views?
What was the response of the communist government to opposing views?
What was one of the reforms included in Taraki's programme?
What was one of the reforms included in Taraki's programme?
Who replaced Prince Daoud after the military coup?
Who replaced Prince Daoud after the military coup?
What was a major factor contributing to the failure of détente?
What was a major factor contributing to the failure of détente?
Why did conservatives in the US oppose détente?
Why did conservatives in the US oppose détente?
What was the expectation of the US from the USSR during détente?
What was the expectation of the US from the USSR during détente?
Why did liberals in the US oppose détente?
Why did liberals in the US oppose détente?
What was the consequence of Nixon's fall on détente?
What was the consequence of Nixon's fall on détente?
What was the impact of détente on Europe?
What was the impact of détente on Europe?
What was the result of the Soviet's interference in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia?
What was the result of the Soviet's interference in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia?
What was the main problem with the American and Soviet perspectives on détente?
What was the main problem with the American and Soviet perspectives on détente?
What is a security dilemma?
What is a security dilemma?
Why did Israel attack Egypt's air force?
Why did Israel attack Egypt's air force?
What was the main dispute that led to the Six-Day War?
What was the main dispute that led to the Six-Day War?
What happened to Jordan after it started attacking Israel?
What happened to Jordan after it started attacking Israel?
What did Israel plan to do with the water from the Jordan river?
What did Israel plan to do with the water from the Jordan river?
What was the outcome of the situation after the United States sent its sixth Fleet?
What was the outcome of the situation after the United States sent its sixth Fleet?
What was the result of Israel's actions in the war?
What was the result of Israel's actions in the war?
What was Egypt's response to Israel's plan to divert the Jordan river?
What was Egypt's response to Israel's plan to divert the Jordan river?
What happened to the Syrian MiGs during the border incidents?
What happened to the Syrian MiGs during the border incidents?
What was the significance of the hotline between Moscow and Washington?
What was the significance of the hotline between Moscow and Washington?
What was the purpose of the Israeli canal from the Sea of Galilea?
What was the purpose of the Israeli canal from the Sea of Galilea?
What was the role of the United States in the crisis?
What was the role of the United States in the crisis?
What was the outcome of the Israeli attack on Syrian construction?
What was the outcome of the Israeli attack on Syrian construction?
What was the consequence of Israel's actions on the region?
What was the consequence of Israel's actions on the region?
What territory did Israel take over in the south?
What territory did Israel take over in the south?
What was a consequence of the Six Day War for the refugee problem?
What was a consequence of the Six Day War for the refugee problem?
Why did Israel refuse to return East Jerusalem?
Why did Israel refuse to return East Jerusalem?
What was the basis for the Arab-Israeli settlement?
What was the basis for the Arab-Israeli settlement?
What was the result of the Six Day War for Israel's security situation?
What was the result of the Six Day War for Israel's security situation?
What territory did Israel take over from Syria?
What territory did Israel take over from Syria?
How many people fled from Gaza and the West Bank after the Six Day War?
How many people fled from Gaza and the West Bank after the Six Day War?
What was a principle of UNSC Res° 242?
What was a principle of UNSC Res° 242?
What was the main reason behind Theodor Herzl's decision to support the creation of a Jewish state?
What was the main reason behind Theodor Herzl's decision to support the creation of a Jewish state?
What was the historical context of the Balfour Declaration in 1917?
What was the historical context of the Balfour Declaration in 1917?
What was the result of continuous persecution and blame of Jews throughout European history?
What was the result of continuous persecution and blame of Jews throughout European history?
What was the main problem in the Middle East, according to the text?
What was the main problem in the Middle East, according to the text?
What was the role of Theodor Herzl in the history of Israel?
What was the role of Theodor Herzl in the history of Israel?
What was the situation of Jews in Europe by the 19th century?
What was the situation of Jews in Europe by the 19th century?
What was the outcome of the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century?
What was the outcome of the rise of nationalism in Europe in the 19th century?
What was the widespread sentiment towards Jews in Europe throughout history?
What was the widespread sentiment towards Jews in Europe throughout history?
What was the outcome of the Geneva Accords in 1988?
What was the outcome of the Geneva Accords in 1988?
What was the Soviet Union's plan by the end of 1986?
What was the Soviet Union's plan by the end of 1986?
What was the goal of some in the American government?
What was the goal of some in the American government?
What was the result of the continued fighting in Afghanistan?
What was the result of the continued fighting in Afghanistan?
What tactic did the Soviet Union use in 1985-86?
What tactic did the Soviet Union use in 1985-86?
Who became the Soviet leader by the end of the Cold War?
Who became the Soviet leader by the end of the Cold War?
Why did the civil war continue in Afghanistan?
Why did the civil war continue in Afghanistan?
What was the situation in Afghanistan by 1992?
What was the situation in Afghanistan by 1992?
What was the primary motivation behind Israel's plan to divert the Jordan river?
What was the primary motivation behind Israel's plan to divert the Jordan river?
What was the response of Egyptian President Nasser to Israel's plan to divert the Jordan river?
What was the response of Egyptian President Nasser to Israel's plan to divert the Jordan river?
What was the outcome of the Israeli preventive strikes on Syria in 1965-66?
What was the outcome of the Israeli preventive strikes on Syria in 1965-66?
What was the significance of the Golan Heights in the border incidents leading up to the Six-Day War?
What was the significance of the Golan Heights in the border incidents leading up to the Six-Day War?
What was the result of the border incidents on April 7, 1967?
What was the result of the border incidents on April 7, 1967?
What was the significance of the Jordan river in the context of the Six-Day War?
What was the significance of the Jordan river in the context of the Six-Day War?
What term is used to describe the period of economic stagnation and high inflation experienced by the US during the 1970s?
What term is used to describe the period of economic stagnation and high inflation experienced by the US during the 1970s?
What was the main reason for the US imposing trade taxes on certain imports during the 1970s?
What was the main reason for the US imposing trade taxes on certain imports during the 1970s?
What was the result of Nixon's decision to stop the convertibility of the US dollar into gold?
What was the result of Nixon's decision to stop the convertibility of the US dollar into gold?
What is the term for a currency that is undervalued, making it cheaper for other countries to buy products from that country?
What is the term for a currency that is undervalued, making it cheaper for other countries to buy products from that country?
Why did fixed exchange rates not accurately represent the true value of a currency?
Why did fixed exchange rates not accurately represent the true value of a currency?
What was the advantage of a free-floating exchange rate system?
What was the advantage of a free-floating exchange rate system?
Why did the US support the economies of West Germany and Japan after the war?
Why did the US support the economies of West Germany and Japan after the war?
What was the consequence of the Nixon shock on the global economy?
What was the consequence of the Nixon shock on the global economy?
What is the primary goal of Iran's development into a regional superpower?
What is the primary goal of Iran's development into a regional superpower?
What was a major consequence of Iran's rapid modernization and expansion?
What was a major consequence of Iran's rapid modernization and expansion?
What was a major problem that troubled the country along with inflation?
What was a major problem that troubled the country along with inflation?
What was a significant factor that contributed to Iran's economic problems by 1975?
What was a significant factor that contributed to Iran's economic problems by 1975?
What was the significance of Shapour Bakhtiar's appointment as Prime Minister in 1978?
What was the significance of Shapour Bakhtiar's appointment as Prime Minister in 1978?
What was a significant event that occurred in 1979, following the Shah's exile?
What was a significant event that occurred in 1979, following the Shah's exile?
What was the outcome of the Iranian Revolution, compared to the French and Russian Revolutions?
What was the outcome of the Iranian Revolution, compared to the French and Russian Revolutions?
What was Iran's position in relation to the Arab-Israeli feud?
What was Iran's position in relation to the Arab-Israeli feud?
What is the primary reason behind Israel's refusal to negotiate the territories with the Arabs?
What is the primary reason behind Israel's refusal to negotiate the territories with the Arabs?
What is the significance of Resolution 242 in the context of Arab-Israeli settlement?
What is the significance of Resolution 242 in the context of Arab-Israeli settlement?
What was the strategic goal behind Anwar Sadat's surprise attack on Israel during the Yom Kippur War?
What was the strategic goal behind Anwar Sadat's surprise attack on Israel during the Yom Kippur War?
What was the outcome of the Yom Kippur War with regards to the Arab-Israeli conflict?
What was the outcome of the Yom Kippur War with regards to the Arab-Israeli conflict?
What was the significance of Hafez Al-Assad's seizure of power in Syria?
What was the significance of Hafez Al-Assad's seizure of power in Syria?
Why did Anwar Sadat choose to launch the surprise attack on Yom Kippur?
Why did Anwar Sadat choose to launch the surprise attack on Yom Kippur?
What was the primary motivation behind the Arab-Israeli conflict?
What was the primary motivation behind the Arab-Israeli conflict?
What was the impact of the Yom Kippur War on the Arab-Israeli conflict?
What was the impact of the Yom Kippur War on the Arab-Israeli conflict?
What was the primary reason for the Soviet Union's decision to intervene in Afghanistan?
What was the primary reason for the Soviet Union's decision to intervene in Afghanistan?
What was the consequence of the failed rescue mission for Jimmy Carter's re-election campaign?
What was the consequence of the failed rescue mission for Jimmy Carter's re-election campaign?
What was the reason for the release of the 53 American hostages after 444 days?
What was the reason for the release of the 53 American hostages after 444 days?
What was the outcome of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979?
What was the outcome of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979?
What was the primary goal of the rescue mission in Iran?
What was the primary goal of the rescue mission in Iran?
What was the consequence of the sandstorm on the rescue mission in Iran?
What was the consequence of the sandstorm on the rescue mission in Iran?
What was the outcome of President Taraki's visit to Moscow in September 1979?
What was the outcome of President Taraki's visit to Moscow in September 1979?
What was the response of the Afghan population to Taraki's radical reform programme?
What was the response of the Afghan population to Taraki's radical reform programme?
Study Notes
The Rise of Zionism
- Theodor Herzl was not the first to propose a Jewish state, but he was the first to gain significant political support for the idea.
- He organized support from influential people and governments in Europe, appealing to a minority of Jews in Europe who faced anti-Semitism.
The Balfour Declaration
- The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, announcing British support for a Jewish state in Palestine.
- The declaration was not specific about the location of the state, with options including Palestine, Argentina, Uganda, Suriname, and Madagascar.
The Creation of Israel
- In 1947, the UN proposed a partition plan, dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab parts.
- After the Holocaust, Jewish immigration to Palestine increased, leading to tensions between Arabs and Jews.
- The State of Israel was established on May 14, 1948, followed by the Arab-Israeli War.
The Middle East War and Oil Crisis
- The 1967 Six-Day War and 1973 Yom Kippur War led to a rise in oil prices and a shift in global power dynamics.
- Western economies were heavily dependent on oil imports, with little effort made towards energy conservation.
- In 1971, OPEC agreed to push for higher prices, leading to a price increase from 3to3 to 3to12 per barrel by 1974.
The Iranian Revolution
- The Shah of Iran aimed to modernize and industrialize the country, but rapid growth led to inflation, inequality, and domestic opposition.
- The Shah was exiled in 1979, and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to establish an Islamic republic.
- The revolution had a significant impact on the global balance of power, comparable to the French and Russian revolutions.
The Soviet Union and Afghanistan
- Afghanistan gained independence from Britain in 1919 and became a republic in 1973 after a coup.
- The Soviet Union supported the Marxist government of Afghanistan, which implemented radical reforms to modernize the country.
- However, these reforms were deeply unpopular, and the government's repression led to local uprisings and military mutinies.
Détente and the Cold War
- The US and Soviet Union pursued a policy of détente, but it became unpopular in the US due to perceived Soviet aggression and human rights violations.
- Conservatives saw détente as benefiting the Soviets, while liberals believed it did not address human rights concerns.
- The US and Soviet Union had fundamentally different perspectives on détente, leading to its failure.
Historical Background of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
- Jews have been blamed for everything going wrong throughout history, leading to a history of pogroms and persecution in Europe.
- Theodor Herzl (1897) proposed the establishment of a Jewish state in his book "Der Judenstaat" after being disillusioned with the assimilation of Jews in Europe.
- The Balfour Declaration (1917) supported the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, but emphasized that the rights of existing non-Jewish communities should not be prejudiced.
The Six Day War (1967)
- Prelude: Dispute over the exploitation of the Jordan River between Israel and Arab countries.
- Israel built a canal to divert water from the Jordan River for industrial and irrigation purposes.
- Egyptian initiative (Jan 1964) to bypass Israeli construction led to Israeli preventive strikes on Syria (1965-1966).
- Border incidents with Syria (April 1967) escalated tensions, including an attack on Golan positions and the shooting of 6 Syrian MiGs.
- Israel found itself in a classic security dilemma, leading to a preventive strike on Egypt, followed by attacks on Syria and Jordan.
- The war resulted in Israel taking over the Sinai desert, Sharm El Sheikh, East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights.
Aftermath of the Six Day War
- Israel refused to return territory without recognition from its neighbors.
- The refusal to return East Jerusalem was particularly significant due to its religious importance.
- The war worsened the refugee problem, with around 300,000 people fleeing from Gaza and the West Bank.
- UNSC Res. 242 (22 Nov 1967) established the basis for an Arab-Israeli settlement, including the principles of "land for peace" and "inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war".
- The war increased international attention and sympathy for the Arab cause.
Six Day War: Prelude
- Jordan water dispute between Israel and Arab countries over the exploitation of the Jordan River
- Israel's plan to divert water for industrial and irrigation purposes, leading to Egyptian initiative to bypass Israeli construction in 1964
- Israeli preventive strikes on Syria from 1965-1966
- Border incidents with Syria, including an attack on Golan positions and shooting of 6 Syrian MiGs on April 7, 1967
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
- Unanimously adopted resolution in response to the Six Day War
- States that it is inadmissible to acquire territory by war
- Calls for Israel to return territories taken in exchange for peace
Yom Kippur War (1973)
- Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser as Egyptian President in 1970
- Hafez al-Assad seized power in Syria in 1970
- Coordinated surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria on Yom Kippur, October 6, 1973
- Low perceived probability of war, but quick advances and reversals led to forced negotiations
Geopolitics and Economy (1970s)
- Period of stagflation, with stagnation in economic growth and high inflation
- US annoyance with global economic situation, particularly with West Germany and Japan's economic growth
- Nixon's decision to stop convertibility of US dollar into gold, ending the Bretton Woods system
- Introduction of free-floating exchange rates, allowing currencies to reflect their true value
Iran
- Shah's goal to build Iran as a regional superpower, with modernization and industrialization
- Economic problems, including inflation, inequality, and withdrawing investors, by 1975
- Domestic opposition from Communists, traditionalists, and middle-class liberals
- Civilian cabinet by Shapour Bakhtiar in 1978, followed by Shah's exile and Ayatollah Khomeini's return
- Installation of theocratic Islamic republic in 1979
Iranian Revolution
- Impact compared to French and Russian revolutions
- US and Western countries' economic sanctions on Iran in response to the revolution
Afghanistan
- Independence from British in 1919
- Communist coup against Prince Daoud in April 1978, led by a small military group
- Series of uprisings, including military mutiny against Soviets in March 1979
- President Taraki's visit to Moscow in September 1979, leading to Brezhnev's decision to intervene
- Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, marking the end of the détente period and re-introduction of confrontation between the two superpowers
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Learn about the rise of Zionism and the significance of the Balfour Declaration in the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.
