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What is the main purpose of fertilization in agriculture?
What is the main purpose of fertilization in agriculture?
What is the main benefit of organic fertilizers in sandy soils?
What is the main benefit of organic fertilizers in sandy soils?
Increase water holding capacity
Manure derived from animal feces is recommended to be composted before using as fertilizer.
Manure derived from animal feces is recommended to be composted before using as fertilizer.
True
____ is the product of controlled biological decomposition of organic materials usually of plant origin.
____ is the product of controlled biological decomposition of organic materials usually of plant origin.
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Match the fertilizer with the correct nutrient it supplies:
Match the fertilizer with the correct nutrient it supplies:
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What is the main function of nitrogen in plants?
What is the main function of nitrogen in plants?
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What is the main role of phosphorus in plants?
What is the main role of phosphorus in plants?
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What is the main difference between macronutrients and micronutrients in terms of their required quantity?
What is the main difference between macronutrients and micronutrients in terms of their required quantity?
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Which type of fertilizer is derived from animal feces, such as cow dung?
Which type of fertilizer is derived from animal feces, such as cow dung?
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What is the effect of a high Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C:N) in composted organic matter?
What is the effect of a high Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C:N) in composted organic matter?
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What is the primary function of nitrogen in plants?
What is the primary function of nitrogen in plants?
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Which type of fertilizer is particularly high in phosphorus?
Which type of fertilizer is particularly high in phosphorus?
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What is the benefit of legumes as cover crops in terms of soil fertility?
What is the benefit of legumes as cover crops in terms of soil fertility?
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What is the primary function of potassium in plants?
What is the primary function of potassium in plants?
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What is the result of potassium deficiency in plants?
What is the result of potassium deficiency in plants?
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What is the primary mechanism of biological fertilization?
What is the primary mechanism of biological fertilization?
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What is the primary role of phosphorus in plant development?
What is the primary role of phosphorus in plant development?
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What is the primary benefit of biofertilizers?
What is the primary benefit of biofertilizers?
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What is the primary function of nitrogen fixation in plants?
What is the primary function of nitrogen fixation in plants?
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What is the primary mechanism of nitrogen fixation?
What is the primary mechanism of nitrogen fixation?
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What is the primary role of potassium in plant development?
What is the primary role of potassium in plant development?
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What is the primary mechanism of phosphorus solubilization?
What is the primary mechanism of phosphorus solubilization?
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What is the primary benefit of biological fertilization?
What is the primary benefit of biological fertilization?
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What type of fertilizer is Urea?
What type of fertilizer is Urea?
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What is the primary function of Nitrogen in plant structures?
What is the primary function of Nitrogen in plant structures?
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What is the effect of Phosphorus deficiency on plant leaves?
What is the effect of Phosphorus deficiency on plant leaves?
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What nutrient does Superphosphate supply to plants?
What nutrient does Superphosphate supply to plants?
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What is the function of Phosphorus in plant development?
What is the function of Phosphorus in plant development?
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What is the primary function of Potassium in plant development?
What is the primary function of Potassium in plant development?
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What is the composition of Monoammonium phosphate?
What is the composition of Monoammonium phosphate?
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What is the fertilizer grade of a fertilizer?
What is the fertilizer grade of a fertilizer?
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Study Notes
Fertilization
- Fertilization is an essential agricultural practice to supply growing plants with nutrients, enhancing growth and productivity.
- Macronutrients are needed in large quantities, while micronutrients are required in very small quantities.
- Organic fertilizers, such as manure and guano, increase water holding capacity in sandy soils.
Organic Fertilizers
- Manure is an organic fertilizer derived from animal feces, like cow dung.
- Cattle manure should be composted before use to minimize the risk of dangerous pathogens.
- Guano is the excrement of seabirds or bats, used as a fertilizer for its high nutrient content, especially phosphorus.
Compost
- Compost is the product of controlled biological decomposition of organic materials, usually of plant origin.
- The Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C:N) in composted organic matter affects the composting process, with high C:N ratios slowing it down.
- The optimum moisture content of the compost pile is 45-60%.
- Compost is ready to use in about 3-5 months.
Nitrogen Fixation
- Nitrogen fixed by legumes, such as soybean meal, helps increase soil fertility.
- Steamed and powdered feather is a high source of nitrogen as a fertilizer.
Types of Fertilizers
- Straight fertilizers contain a single nutrient, such as urea, ammonium nitrate, or ammonium sulfate.
- Complex fertilizers contain two or more nutrients, such as monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, or monopotassium phosphate.
Fertilizer Application
- Fertilizer grade refers to the legal guarantee of available plant nutrients expressed as a percentage in a weight of fertilizer.
- Fertilizer ratio refers to the ratio of nutrients to each other.
- Broadcasting, side dressing, in-row placement, and foliar spray are methods of fertilizer application.
- Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizers, soil amendments, and other water-soluble products to crops along with irrigation water.
Plant Morphology
- Morphology is the branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms.
- Trees have a single woody stem, from which branches grow to form a crown.
- Shrubs have multiple woody stems that arise at ground level.
- Grapevine has tendrils for climbing.
- Most fruit crops are perennial trees.
Plant Structure and Function
- Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, store sugar, and fix the tree in the ground.
- The majority of the root system is located in the upper 20-60 cm of soil.
- The trunk consists of four layers of tissues, containing a network of tubes that runs between the roots and leaves.
- Leaves are the food factories of the trees.
- Carob and date palm are examples of compound leaves, while mango and apple are examples of simple leaves.
Flowers and Fruits
- A bud is the origin of the plant organs.
- Complete flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.
- Perfect flowers are both male and female, while imperfect flowers may be either male or female.
- Fruits are matured ovaries, consisting of three layers (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp).
- Simple fruits are formed from one pistil, while aggregate fruits develop from multiple pistils.
- Multiple fruits develop from the mature ovaries of an entire inflorescence.
Fruit Classification
- Drupe or stone fruit is one-seeded simple fruit developed from an ovary in which the endocarp becomes hard and stony (e.g., mango, peach, and olive).
- Berry fruit is characterized by the ovary wall or at least its inner portions becoming enlarged and usually juicy (e.g., banana, guava, and grapes).
Pruning and Training
- Pruning and training of fruit trees involve cutting parts of the tree to achieve specific aims.
- Pruning is a modification of tree shape to become more suitable for training purposes.
- Thinning involves removing excess fruits from the tree to improve the remaining fruits' size and quality.
- Therapy pruning involves removing diseased, dry, or infected shoots.
- Supporting pruning builds a good tree structure by choosing a good main branch and cutting it to determine height.
Harvesting and Ripening
- Harvesting is the process of gathering or picking a mature or ripe horticultural crop from the fields.
- Maturation means that the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption.
- Ripening is the process by which fruits attain their desirable flavor, quality, color, and textural properties, associated with changes in composition (e.g., conversion of starch to sugar).
- Fruits are measured by calipers, and pre-cooling is performed to rapidly remove field heat immediately following harvest.
Fertilization
- Fertilization is an essential agricultural practice to supply growing plants with nutrients, enhancing growth and productivity.
- Macronutrients are needed in large quantities, while micronutrients are required in very small quantities.
- Organic fertilizers, such as manure and guano, increase water holding capacity in sandy soils.
Organic Fertilizers
- Manure is an organic fertilizer derived from animal feces, like cow dung.
- Cattle manure should be composted before use to minimize the risk of dangerous pathogens.
- Guano is the excrement of seabirds or bats, used as a fertilizer for its high nutrient content, especially phosphorus.
Compost
- Compost is the product of controlled biological decomposition of organic materials, usually of plant origin.
- The Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C:N) in composted organic matter affects the composting process, with high C:N ratios slowing it down.
- The optimum moisture content of the compost pile is 45-60%.
- Compost is ready to use in about 3-5 months.
Nitrogen Fixation
- Nitrogen fixed by legumes, such as soybean meal, helps increase soil fertility.
- Steamed and powdered feather is a high source of nitrogen as a fertilizer.
Types of Fertilizers
- Straight fertilizers contain a single nutrient, such as urea, ammonium nitrate, or ammonium sulfate.
- Complex fertilizers contain two or more nutrients, such as monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, or monopotassium phosphate.
Fertilizer Application
- Fertilizer grade refers to the legal guarantee of available plant nutrients expressed as a percentage in a weight of fertilizer.
- Fertilizer ratio refers to the ratio of nutrients to each other.
- Broadcasting, side dressing, in-row placement, and foliar spray are methods of fertilizer application.
- Fertigation is the process of applying fertilizers, soil amendments, and other water-soluble products to crops along with irrigation water.
Plant Morphology
- Morphology is the branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms.
- Trees have a single woody stem, from which branches grow to form a crown.
- Shrubs have multiple woody stems that arise at ground level.
- Grapevine has tendrils for climbing.
- Most fruit crops are perennial trees.
Plant Structure and Function
- Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, store sugar, and fix the tree in the ground.
- The majority of the root system is located in the upper 20-60 cm of soil.
- The trunk consists of four layers of tissues, containing a network of tubes that runs between the roots and leaves.
- Leaves are the food factories of the trees.
- Carob and date palm are examples of compound leaves, while mango and apple are examples of simple leaves.
Flowers and Fruits
- A bud is the origin of the plant organs.
- Complete flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.
- Perfect flowers are both male and female, while imperfect flowers may be either male or female.
- Fruits are matured ovaries, consisting of three layers (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp).
- Simple fruits are formed from one pistil, while aggregate fruits develop from multiple pistils.
- Multiple fruits develop from the mature ovaries of an entire inflorescence.
Fruit Classification
- Drupe or stone fruit is one-seeded simple fruit developed from an ovary in which the endocarp becomes hard and stony (e.g., mango, peach, and olive).
- Berry fruit is characterized by the ovary wall or at least its inner portions becoming enlarged and usually juicy (e.g., banana, guava, and grapes).
Pruning and Training
- Pruning and training of fruit trees involve cutting parts of the tree to achieve specific aims.
- Pruning is a modification of tree shape to become more suitable for training purposes.
- Thinning involves removing excess fruits from the tree to improve the remaining fruits' size and quality.
- Therapy pruning involves removing diseased, dry, or infected shoots.
- Supporting pruning builds a good tree structure by choosing a good main branch and cutting it to determine height.
Harvesting and Ripening
- Harvesting is the process of gathering or picking a mature or ripe horticultural crop from the fields.
- Maturation means that the edible part of the fruit or vegetable is fully developed in size, although it may not be ready for immediate consumption.
- Ripening is the process by which fruits attain their desirable flavor, quality, color, and textural properties, associated with changes in composition (e.g., conversion of starch to sugar).
- Fruits are measured by calipers, and pre-cooling is performed to rapidly remove field heat immediately following harvest.
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Description
This quiz covers the importance of fertilization in agriculture, types of nutrients, and organic fertilizers like manure and guano.
