Sem 2 Networking Programming Week 2 Protocols
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Questions and Answers

What must a network have in order to communicate effectively?

  • A sender and a receiver
  • A common language and grammar
  • A channel for communication to occur
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Message encoding is the process of converting information into an acceptable form for transmission.

    True

    What reverses the process of encoding in communication?

    decoding

    _______ determines when someone can send a message.

    <p>Access Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the network protocol functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Addressing = Identifies sender and receiver Reliability = Provides guaranteed delivery Flow Control = Ensures data flows at an efficient rate Sequencing = Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data Error Detection = Determines if data became corrupted during transmission Application Interface = Process communications between network applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units called?

    <p>Segmenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of segmentation and multiplexing discussed in the OSI Layers?

    <p>Increases speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process where protocols add their information to the data called?

    <p>Encapsulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TCP is responsible for sequencing the individual segments. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of the IP packet contains the IP addresses of the sending and receiving devices.

    <p>IP header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following standards organizations with their focus areas:

    <p>IEEE = Power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, networking EIA = Electrical wiring, connectors, 19-inch racks TIA = Radio equipment, cellular towers, VoIP devices ITU-T = Video compression, IPTV, DSL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using a layered model to describe network operations?

    <p>It allows for easier understanding and explanation of complex concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OSI model layer is responsible for providing services to the presentation layer and managing data exchange?

    <p>Session Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the TCP/IP protocol suite?

    <p>It is an open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OSI model layer is responsible for defining services to segment, transfer, and reassemble data for individual communications?

    <p>Transport Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of network communication, what is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units called?

    <p>Segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a layered model to describe network operations?

    <p>It allows for easier understanding and explanation of complex concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which OSI model layer is responsible for providing services to exchange individual pieces of data over the network?

    <p>Data Link Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a packet header?

    <p>To provide information about the packet's contents, origin, and destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of converting messages into bits?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which message delivery option is used in IPv4 networks but not in IPv6?

    <p>Broadcast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flow control?

    <p>To manage the rate of data transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of managing how long a device waits for a response from the destination?

    <p>Response timeout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the common set of rules that define network communication?

    <p>Network protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of determining when someone can send a message?

    <p>Access method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for establishing protocols in communication?

    <p>To govern the rules of communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of message formatting and encapsulation?

    <p>To use a specific format or structure for message transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common requirement that protocols must account for?

    <p>Speed and timing of delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the channel that provides the path for communication?

    <p>Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using established protocols in communication?

    <p>It ensures that all devices can communicate effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting information into an acceptable form for transmission?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical component of effective communication in networks?

    <p>Common language and grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the TCP/IP model represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control?

    <p>Application Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a layered model in network communication?

    <p>Fostered competition and modularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the OSI model is divided into multiple layers in the TCP/IP model?

    <p>Application Layer and Network Access Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of interleaving multiple streams of segmented data together?

    <p>Multiplexing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for determining the best path through the network?

    <p>Internet Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a layered model in network communication?

    <p>Flexibility and scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for supporting communication between devices across diverse networks?

    <p>Transport Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of segmentation and multiplexing in network communication?

    <p>Increased efficiency and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the TCP/IP model over the OSI model?

    <p>Flexibility and modularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Communications Fundamentals

    • Networks vary in size and complexity, and a connection is not enough; devices must agree on "how" to communicate.
    • A communication process involves a source (sender), destination (receiver), and a channel (media) that provides a path for communication.

    Communication Protocols

    • All communications are governed by protocols, which are rules that communications follow.
    • Protocols vary depending on the type of communication.

    Rule Establishment

    • Individuals must use established rules or agreements to govern conversation.
    • Protocols must account for:
      • Identified sender and receiver
      • Common language and grammar
      • Speed and timing of delivery
      • Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements

    Network Protocol Requirements

    • Common computer protocols must be in agreement and include:
      • Message encoding
      • Message formatting and encapsulation
      • Message size
      • Message timing
      • Message delivery options

    Message Encoding

    • Encoding is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission.
    • Decoding reverses this process to interpret the information.

    Message Formatting and Encapsulation

    • Messages are sent in a specific format or structure.
    • Message formats depend on the type of message and the channel used to deliver the message.

    Message Size

    • Encoding between hosts must be in an appropriate format for the medium.
    • Messages are converted to bits and encoded into a pattern of light, sound, or electrical impulses.

    Message Timing

    • Message timing includes:
      • Flow Control: manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.
      • Response Timeout: manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination.
      • Access Method: determines when someone can send a message.

    Message Delivery Options

    • Message delivery can be one of the following methods:
      • Unicast: one-to-one communication
      • Multicast: one-to-many, typically not all
      • Broadcast: one-to-all (not used in IPv6)

    Protocol Suites

    • Protocols must be able to work with other protocols.
    • A protocol suite is a group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function.
    • Protocol suites are viewed in terms of layers:
      • Higher Layers
      • Lower Layers (concerned with moving data and providing services to upper layers)

    Evolution of Protocol Suites

    • There are several protocol suites, including:
      • Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)
      • Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols
      • AppleTalk
      • Novell Netware

    TCP/IP Protocol Example

    • TCP/IP protocols operate at the application, transport, and internet layers.
    • The most common network access layer LAN protocols are Ethernet and WLAN (wireless LAN).

    TCP/IP Protocol Suite

    • TCP/IP is the protocol suite used by the internet and includes many protocols.
    • TCP/IP is an open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor.

    TCP/IP Communication Process

    • A web server encapsulates and sends a web page to a client.
    • A client de-encapsulates the web page for the web browser.

    Reference Models

    The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

    • Complex concepts such as how a network operates can be difficult to explain and understand.
    • A layered model is used to simplify the explanation.
    • Two layered models describe network operations:
      • Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
      • TCP/IP Reference Model

    OSI and TCP/IP Model Comparison

    • The OSI model divides the network access layer and the application layer of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers.
    • The TCP/IP protocol suite does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium.

    Data Encapsulation

    Segmenting Messages

    • Segmenting is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units.
    • Multiplexing is the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together.

    Sequencing

    • Sequencing messages is the process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination.
    • TCP is responsible for sequencing the individual segments.

    Protocol Data Units (PDU)

    • Encapsulation is the process where protocols add their information to the data.
    • At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new functions.

    Encapsulation Example

    • Encapsulation is a top-down process.
    • The level above does its process and then passes it down to the next level of the model.

    De-encapsulation Example

    • Data is de-encapsulated as it moves up the stack.
    • When a layer completes its process, that layer strips off its header and passes it up to the next level to be processed.

    Data Access

    Addresses

    • Both the data link and network layers use addressing to deliver data from source to destination.
    • Network layer source and destination addresses:
      • Responsible for delivering the IP packet from original source to the final destination.
      • Contain two parts:
        • Network portion (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6)
        • Host portion (IPv4) or Interface ID (IPv6)

    Layer 3 Logical Address

    • The IP packet contains two IP addresses:
      • Source IP address
      • Destination IP address

    Devices on the Same Network

    • When devices are on the same network, the source and destination will have the same network portion of the address.
    • When devices are on the same Ethernet network, the data link frame will use the actual MAC address of the destination NIC.

    Role of the Network Layer Addresses

    • When the source and destination have a different network portion, this means they are on different networks.
    • When the final destination is remote, Layer 3 will provide Layer 2 with the local default gateway IP address, also known as the router address.

    Standards Organization

    • Open standards encourage:
      • Interoperability
      • Competition
      • Innovation
      • Vendor-neutral
      • Non-profit organizations
      • Established to develop and promote the concept of open standards### Internet Governance
    • Internet Architecture Board (IAB) manages and develops internet standards
    • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies
    • Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) focuses on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols

    Standards Organizations

    • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) coordinates IP address allocation, domain name management, and assignment of other information
    • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) oversees and manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers

    Electronic and Communications Standards

    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

    • Creates standards in power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking

    Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

    • Develops standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and 19-inch racks for mounting networking equipment

    Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

    • Develops communication standards in radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP (VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more

    International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

    • Defines standards for video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband communications, such as digital subscriber line (DSL)

    TCP/IP Model

    • Consists of four layers: network (IP), datalink (Ethernet), physical

    Network (IP) Layer

    • Concerned with routing and addressing
    • Uses MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, e.g., 00:d9:w2:D9:p9:00

    Physical Layer

    • Deals with physical means of transmission, including cables, bits, and bytes

    TCP/IP Overview

    • TCP/IP is an open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor.
    • TCP/IP is a standards-based protocol suite that is endorsed by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization to ensure interoperability.

    TCP/IP Communication Process

    • Web server encapsulation and sending a web page to a client.
    • Client de-encapsulating the web page for the web browser.

    Reference Models

    The Benefits of Using a Layered Model

    • Complex concepts such as how a network operates can be difficult to explain and understand, making a layered model useful.
    • Two Layered models describe network Operations: OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference Model.

    OSI Model

    • APPLICATION Layer: Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.
    • PRESENTATION Layer: Provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.
    • SESSION Layer: Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange.
    • TRANSPORT Layer: Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications.
    • NETWORK Layer: Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network.
    • DATA LINK Layer: Describes methods for exchanging data.
    • PHYSICAL Layer: Describes the means to activate, maintain and de-activate physical connections.

    IP Header

    • A packet header is a "label" that provides information about the packet's contents, origin, and destination.

    Message Size

    • Encoding between hosts must be in an appropriate format for the medium.
    • Messages sent across the network are converted to bits.
    • Bits are encoded into a pattern of light, sound, or electrical impulses.
    • The destination host must decode the signals to interpret the message.

    Message Timing

    • Flow Control: Manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.
    • Response Timeout: Manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination.
    • Access Method: Determines when someone can send a message.

    Message Delivery Options

    • Unicast: one-to-one communication.
    • Multicast: one-to-many, typically not all.
    • Broadcast: one-to-all (not an option for IPv6).

    Network Protocol Overview

    • Network protocols define a common set of rules.
    • There will be a source (sender) and a destination (receiver).
    • There will be a channel (media) that provides for the path of communications to occur.

    Communication Protocols

    • All communications are governed by protocols.
    • Protocols are the rules that communications will follow.
    • Protocols must account for the following requirements:
      • An identified sender and receiver.
      • Common language and grammar.
      • Speed and timing of delivery.
      • Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements.

    Network Protocol Requirements

    • Common computer protocols must be in agreement and include the following requirements:
      • Message encoding.
      • Message formatting and encapsulation.
      • Message size.
      • Message timing.
      • Message delivery options.

    Message Encoding

    • Encoding is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission.
    • Decoding reverses this process to interpret the information.

    Message Formatting and Encapsulation

    • When a message is sent, it must use a specific format or structure.
    • Message formats depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message.

    TCP/IP Reference Model

    • APPLICATION Layer: Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control.
    • TRANSPORT Layer: Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks.
    • INTERNET Layer: Determines the best path through the network.
    • NETWORK ACCESS Layer: Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

    OSI and TCP/IP Model Comparison

    • The OSI model divides the network access layer and the application layer of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers.
    • The TCP/IP protocol suite does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium.

    Data Encapsulation

    • Segmenting: the process of breaking up messages into smaller units.
    • Multiplexing: the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together.
    • Increases speed: Large amounts of data can be sent over the network without tying up a communications link.
    • Increases efficiency: Only segments which fail to reach the destination need to be retransmitted, not the entire data stream.

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