Untitled Quiz

• This note details information about Medicina (medicine), Pre-university biology given at the Amazonian University of Pando by Wilson Salazar Rodas
• These notes were taken in Cobija, September 2013

Cell Membrane

• The plasmatic or cell membrane is a laminar structure
• Lipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail are main components
• Proteins define cell limits and maintain balance between interior and exterior
• Also contains carbohydrates

Chemical Composition

• Chemical Composition information

Arrangement of Molecules

• The arangement of the molecules in the membrane
• Phospholipids form a double layer
• Polar heads contact cytoplasm and the cellular surroundings.
• Non-polar tails are at the bilayer's center.
• Cholesterol has a small polar head towards the watery surface and a hydrophobic rest.

About Proteins

• Proteins are like mosaics throughout the membrane.
• Integral or intrinsic proteins are mostly transmembrane.
• Peripheral or extrinsic proteins feature on one of the cell membrane's surfaces

About Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are on the external surface, linked to lipids and proteins.
• The combination constitutes glycolipids and glycoproteins respectively
• Glycocalyx is a slim coating around the cell's external surface, also known as cell coating.
• Glycocalyx helps protect against physical and chemical injuries

Membrane Properties

• The membrane Properties information

Fluidity

• The membrane is not static, its components can move, endowing fluidity
• Lipids undergo rotational, lateral diffusion, flip-flop, and flexion movements

Permeability

• Permeability is fundamental for the cell's function, addressing physiological requirements of intracellular condition
• The permeability to small molecules is enabled by mechanisms different to the transit of larger ones
• Substances can traverse it without difficulty, others can't depending on their electric charge, size, or concentration
• Transport can be passive or active

Passive Transport

• Passive transport happens down a concentration gradient
• it requires no energy expenditure
• Types include simple and facilitated diffusion

Simple Diffusion

• Simple diffusion entails particle displacement from high to low concentration
• CO2 and O2 pass through membranes by diffision
• Other simple-diffusion molecules: urea, ethanol, steroid hormones

Facilitated Diffusion

• Facilitated diffusion is passage using a transporting protein, without expending energy

Transport Proteins

• Transport proteins come in channel and carrier varieties
• Carrier proteins bind and change structure to pass substances (ions, carbs, amino acids) across
• Channel proteins form channels for specific substances, typically inorganic ions

Active Transport

• Active transport passes substances across semipermeable membranes, from low to high concentration, using energy
• It employs carrier proteins like pumps, working against the concentration gradient, needing ATP energy

Active Transport: Primary

• Energy from ATP forces substances across the membrane directly
• Na+/K+ pump embodies this, acting as an enzyme that breaks down ATP, also called Na+/K+-ATPase

Sodium and Potassium

• The sodium-potassium pump transports sodium and potassium
• Sodium is pumped out, as potassium is pumped in
• Sodium concentration is typically higher on the exterior cell environment
• Potassium concentration is typically higher on the interior cell environment
• Thus, sodium and potassium are transported against their respective concentration gradient

Large Molecule Transport

• Membranes must deform and fuse to capture extracellular molecules, called endocytosis
• Metabolism requires cells to eliminate waste substances; similar membrane modification is exocytosis

Membrane Functions

• Cell membrane separates a cell from its environment, conferring individuality
• Its selectively permeable barrier controls substance exchange
• It controls information flow between cells and their environment
• It provides an appropriate environment for the function of membrane proteins.

Cytoplasm

• The Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm encompasses a cell's total volume, without the nucleus, with specialized structures and organelles
• The concentrated aqueous state suspending these structures comprises the cytosol

Cytosol

• Cytosol is a 75% water-based gel.
• It occupies 55% of the cell volume, contains many large and small molecules to it
• Crucial cell maintenance functions, like breaking down nutritious and synthetic molecules, occur here

Cytoskeleton

• Cytoskeleton is a protein filament network occupying the cell interior
• Functions: maintains structure, shape, acts as framework, attaches organelles, participates in cell movement

Microtubules

• Cytosol features actins and intermediate filaments linked to other cell structures via different proteins
• Eukaryotic cell movement is enabled by actin filaments

Nucleus

• Nucleus is the most important organelle in animal and plant cells.
• It is surrounded by a double membrane and measures 3 to 10 um in diameter
• Certain cells contain several nuclei
• Nuclei contain most celular genetic material, organized into multiples

Nuclear Membrane

• Known as the nuclear envelope.
• Composed of two parallel membranes, one internal, one external.
• The external nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membrane
• The perinuclear space between membranes is 10 to 30 nm wide and is continuous with RER lumen

Nucleolus

• Nucleolus is a structure within the cell nucleus involved in ribosome formation
• A cell nucleus typically contains one or several nucleoli, appearing dense within the fibers and granules of the cytoplasm

Nuclear Pores

• Nuclear pores consists of multiple proteins called nucleoporins
• Pores have a molecular weight of 125 million daltons, composed of 50 (yeast) to 100 (vertebrates) proteins
• Pores allow free passage for small, water-soluble molecules.
• Pores also prevents larger molecules through

Nucleus in Mammal Cell

• A typical nucleus in the cell of a mammal has between 3,000 and 4,000 pores on the surface of its envelope.

Organelles

• Ribosomes
• Lysosomes
• Microtubules
• Vacuoles
• Centriole
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Peroxisomes

Cell Composites

• Cytoplasm contains organelles, such as ribosome, vacuoles and mitocondria

Organelle Functions

• Each organelle has a specific cell and cytoplasm function
• Some possess ADN such as mitocondria and chloroplasts

Ribosomes

• George Palade described ribosomes in 1956 as cellular corpuscles 12 nm wide and 25 nm long.
• Ribosomes use genetic instructions contained in ribonucleic acid (RNA) to form specific amino acid and form proteins
• It is found in all cells and mitocondria and all chloroplasts

RNA Molecules

• Each ribosome includes 4 separate RNA molecules or subunits and numerus proteins
• In humans, 3 of 4 units are synthesized in the nucleolus
• Fourth subunit are synthezied out to the nucleolus, it is tranported to the interior

Subunits

• Large ribosomes 60S compose of 49 proteins and 3 RNA
• Small ribosomes 40S compose of 33 proteins and 1 RNA

Protein Synthesis

• Protein synthesis initiates when messenger RNA (mRNA), copies genetic instructions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), binds to a ribosome.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) instructs the ribosome how to bind forming protein forming amino acids

Ribosomes

• Two transfer RNAt with amino acid, binds a ribosomes
• It creates messengers, each in position center P and center A.
• The first two aminoacid are created by an ENLCAE PEPTIDICO

Elongation

• The phase changes the RNAt of the P center that separataes aminoacids
• It transport aminoacids by center A to P.

RNAt

• Molecules are ready for third aminoacids
• El amino acido se un nuevo une al segundo de los does aminoacidos otros enlaces peptidico, se libera otra vez RNAt y m de RNAt restante, que ya va con tres moleculas acids

Lisosomes

• Described in 1949, with the presence of the membrane that cell nucleii produce during the eucarióticas
• Enzymes digest material that degrades compolex moleciules

Lisosomes and illness

• It can combate illnes such has leucocitos, Tay-Sachs, inflamations etc.
• Size, enzymes and composition are variable, protecting digestion

Enzimes

• Lizosomic enzimes are found in retìculo rugoso and golgi body
• These are distrubuted and transported thru sacs, that when binded to sacs are converted to endosomas, fagosomas, autofagasomes

Function of Vacuoles on Animal Celss

• Act as storehouses for protein.
• Its proteins guarde the cells for export exocitosis
• vacuoles are mixed thru to the membrane or content towards afuera and are the cells

Centrioles

• Is a parejah de estructuras part of citoesqueleto, a cilindros huecos similar organos the participe and divides.
• cilindrica structure with material called pericentriolare make the centro soma, o COMT organized by microtubulos and tubilina

Microtubulos and structure

• Each centriole is made of nine triplet forms by a circle and unidos al material and called nexina with next tripletes
• It has roles of division of the physical cells between opuestos points .

Centrioles and cell divisioning

• During process centriolos desplace and place on oppuedtos and its radiales and denominades, asterisk form husos
• Huesos or composed by proteins and RNA acids that adheres to the filamentos of the el centromero and are pushed to the cell of others to a lateral

REtículo endoplasmático

• Functions: lipidos synthesis, accumulation and treatment, toxida elimination etc

Golgi body

• It form a parte endomenbrana system cercanp to nucleus and en vegetales close with a centroiles and forados

Functions

• Su funciones principal is to transport cell sustain within, with protein transformation and initilies sustains within recorrido sacs

APARATO DE GOLGI APPARATUS

• Proteins from ER change and activate and secrete and pass

Glucosilation and polisicari

• These are linked tos fosfoproteinas into glucolípidos or membrana matrix

Mitochondrias

• Estrcutured and fuction
• Organos with double membrana the externa lisa and repliegues interiore, inside there great cantidad of enzimass Adn and ribosomes

The Fuaction on Cell

• They do cellular reepiration forattain ATP and cell functions and transform carbon fuels

Membrane structure external

• Es a lipid layer that permite molecula transportation

Membrane structure internal

• Esta carries more porteinas and transport through the membrane and form pliegues to aumenta the enzima area

Inter membranes

• Area between the membran,e that is is a similar lipid to the citorplas, with alta concentration of proteons

Matrix mitoconrial

• Menos moleculas that in the citosol con ions, to xidan DNA circular y ribosomes 555 that do function

Funcion

• Oixdacion metabolicos, ciclo de Krebs, and obtain with the chain of electrones carriers.

peroxisomas

• Structure and functions
• Esferis vesicles with enizmes to protect that are cito plasmatic where reactions y produce peroxidos de higrogeno conocido h202, that has a great toxico level.

Celular Fisical

• Introduuction and states.
• Ingetions, digestioons and adbsorptions, etc are the cellular state with all its time an the absorptions

Metabolism during absorptios

• De los porcntajes de la cell, is oxida, an converti in glicogen, lipidios son transportes to almacenase on los tejidos and other hormonas

Meabolism

• Is the reactions that haves in orgasmos

catabolicas

• the energy the haves to the moleculas and for glucose

biomolecus principale

• Structures of the lipidos basicas and anmnoacidos glucidos and los polimero of dna to the cells

Lipidious

• They basic fonrm with membra and celular and energeitcos are acidos and other fosfolipids

Carbohydrates

• Es un aldeyos que produce una moleculeas, con componentes and function with galatoos and glucose.
• Polomernos if arN y ADN

coenzimas

• These is a transfeercia of grupos llamado, cad aclse that lleva to un grupod e enzymes y reciclados

Vitamins an mineres

• Necesario the organicos vitamins que necesita para las cellulas

Elementos

• Organs that play critical roles, mineres para tener componenets with more and menos carbon and nitogen etc.

Catabolism

• is the reactions that liberas energias with the moleculas o solar.

Catalismos

• Transfer the electrons ad donors y are accepted other o2 o sulfatos etc
• In animals y plants estas son for alnacenara solar energs

Cataloisosm

• Se pueden seprates e n tres esattes grandes, the moleculas large are digerias, the molecules lare transferidas to acetulos y agua, energia etc

La digestions

• Digerie moleulas o enzimas y las proteinas y digerir al almidon polisacaridos

Energy Composation

• Catablolso d carbs es una degredaicon de hidtoas de carbones with glucosis with azucas, and acidos parubatos that son trasnformdos

Enerrgy compuesots organics

• En varios estados metabiñlicaos that se conventirne con los ciclos de Krebs

Fats

• Son catadas and hydaolisis glicerol, con varios krebs

Oxydation fosofirilations

• Transfere oxygenos y atP with energia from the electones carried chains trasnsporatods, in plantas y con la ayuda de los chloroplatst

anabolicmos

• Processes constructivos que la cell se utuliza from the moleculas complejas

tres facetas

• production of percursor como ammoniacids

organusmos

• Los autotos costruyens molecluss compleajs with el doioxdi and other materials but not in celulas

Xenobioticos y metabolismo reductor

• Compuesitos como drogas, que detoxifacos el sistema

Hemoestosis

• Because that the abmniete cahnge constemement these reactions and constemete the cell of organusmos

regulavion enzymes

• In repsonse and señales and estimular cambios y flujo etc.

Termodynamics

• Live orgasmos debe spetra r elo ejs de l termodinamuca and sus alaredds

Ciclo de Krebs

• es un ciclo de una sucesion de reactions con eucariotas

Reacciones ciclo

• acetil ,aciod cotoro y se regenera en cada ciclo with aciid de carbonos

Regulaciomos

• Enzyime of Krebs som regulados po r alimentaciones the at P

vias convergenteo

• Con glioclisis con acetoil malato

Tejos y estagenesis

• In the embrian are form layers d e las caps germinantes, ectodrems and medio dermis endodermis

The Epitelos

• The epitelos are conformda and forman superfi and recuben la orgasmos adn la mucossa d las mucosas

CLASILICACIOn

• Epiteliio de revestmento con las capas simpleo or estrtaificadosd and formas planas, cubicas and cidricas or las celulas with andd sin connductos

epitelios

• They helps and eliman the substanicas extrnas of orgasmos

El Tejidio en anatomia

• These tissues with protecciones with conexions with los firoblastos y macrofalos

t.c denso

• are irregulas of tendons and ligamentos y es con fasicias

TC Mutoide

• Se encuntrain cn the galatina of wharton del cordon ombilical

El muscula skeletical esritadio

• This musculo is freso and rosa that froms to enzyimas and its fibro y miniculea

Fuerza muscular

• Its great and depnde e n the fibras u n increse of voluman

Muscle function

• Every es un musuclo envuoltro po r tepicos that simple vista aparcere come una vaina blanca

Microfibrous

• Al musculo, la fibira mesutral an corte lonn dituna muetra

El Sarkomera

• The disteance between lineas a corta form porgesiba.

• The miofibiros is oreds

• Lso filanemto que que la conrtaccion y que esta o en el band as que los filmaentos se deslizans mas alla.