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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of prokaryotic organisms?

  • They have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus
  • They have cellulose cell walls
  • They are multicellular
  • They are always single-celled (correct)

    • Eukaryotic cells are substantially smaller than prokaryotic cells.

    False

    What do animals feed on?

    organic substances made by other living things

    Animal cells store carbohydrates as _______________________.

    <p>glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of plant cells?

    <p>They have cellulose cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells are prokaryotic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with the correct type of organism:

    <p>Multicellular = Animals Single-celled = Prokaryotes Nucleus with distinct membrane = Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls = Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>a distinct membrane-bound nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to measure the size of cells under a microscope?

    <p>Eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological drawings should be small and detailed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of viewing cell structures on a slide?

    <p>The size of cells or structures of tissues may appear inconsistent due to different cutting planes of tissue samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell structures are 3D, but appear _______________________ on a slide.

    <p>2D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following microscope tools with their functions:

    <p>Eyepiece graticule = Measures the size of the object Stage micrometer = Provides a scale for measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when producing biological drawings?

    <p>Following scientific rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The size of cells or structures of tissues always appears consistent on a slide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a calibrated graticule?

    <p>To measure the size of cells under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of whip-like tails attached to bacteria?

    <p>To allow bacteria to move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactobacillus is a spherical bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is differentiation in the context of cell specialization?

    <p>The process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to carry out their functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliated epithelial cells are an example of ______________ cells.

    <p>specialised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sperm cells?

    <p>To carry the DNA of the male to the egg cell of the female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumococcus is a rod-shaped bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacteria with their characteristics:

    <p>Lactobacillus = Used in the production of yoghurt from milk Pneumococcus = Causes pneumonia Unknown = Used in the production of cheese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adaptations in specialized cells?

    <p>To perform particular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of specimen observed under a light microscope?

    <p>Cheek cells and onion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not necessary to wear gloves when preparing a slide using a liquid specimen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding a stain to the specimen?

    <p>To make the structures visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When preparing a slide using a solid specimen, it is necessary to use scissors to cut a small sample of the _______________________

    <p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gently pressing down on the coverslip when preparing a slide?

    <p>To remove air bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All tissue samples require treatment with chemicals to make them rigid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tool is used to peel away or cut a very thin layer of cells from the tissue sample?

    <p>Scalpel or forceps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with the correct method of preparing a slide:

    <p>Add a few drops of the sample to the slide = Preparing a slide using a liquid specimen Use scissors to cut a small sample of the tissue = Preparing a slide using a solid specimen Wear gloves to ensure there is no cross-contamination of foreign cells = Both liquid and solid specimens Gently place a coverslip on top and press down to remove any air bubbles = Both liquid and solid specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some structures not visible under optical microscopes?

    <p>They have low magnification power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Converting units is necessary when calculating magnification in a biology exam.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of converting units in biology?

    <p>To ensure that measurements are in the same unit before performing calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When given a question with two different units, make sure to make a conversion so that both measurements have the same unit expressed in _______________________.

    <p>mm, µm, or nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following units with their corresponding conversion factors:

    <p>mm (millimeters) = 1 mm = 1000 µm µm (micrometers) = 1 µm = 1000 nm nm (nanometers) = 1 nm = 0.001 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells can be seen under optical microscopes without any issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when given a question with two different units in a biology exam?

    <p>Make a conversion so that both measurements have the same unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using the same unit when calculating magnification?

    <p>It ensures accuracy and avoids mistakes in calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Eukaryotic cells have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and their nuclear material is found in the cytoplasm.
    • Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
    • Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.

    Eukaryotic Organisms: Animals and Plants

    • Animals are multicellular, have cells with a nucleus, and do not have cellulose cell walls or chloroplasts.
    • Animals feed on organic substances made by other living things, store carbohydrates as glycogen, and have nervous coordination.
    • Animals are able to move from place to place.

    Bacteria

    • Bacteria have whip-like tails called flagella that allow them to move.
    • Examples of bacteria include Lactobacillus (used in yoghurt production) and Pneumococcus (causes pneumonia).

    Specialised Cells

    • Specialised cells have developed adaptations to perform specific functions.
    • Cells specialise by undergoing differentiation, which is the process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to carry out their functions.
    • Examples of specialised cells in animals include sperm cells, egg cells, and ciliated epithelial cells.
    • Sperm cells are highly specialised for their role in reproduction, carrying the DNA of the male to the egg cell of the female.

    Microscopy

    • To observe cells under a light microscope, specimens must be prepared on a microscope slide.
    • The most common specimens to observe are cheek cells (animal cells) and onion cells (plant cells).
    • A stain may be required to make cell structures visible, depending on the type of tissue being examined.
    • To take measurements of cells, a calibrated graticule is used.

    Measuring Cells and Structures

    • An eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer are used to measure the size of objects when viewed under a microscope.
    • Biological drawings of cells and structures should be as large as possible and follow specific rules.

    Limitations of Microscopy

    • The size of cells or structures of tissues may appear inconsistent in different specimen slides due to the 3D structure of cells and the different planes at which tissue samples are cut.
    • Optical microscopes do not have the same magnification power as other types of microscopes, so some structures may not be visible.
    • The treatment of specimens when preparing slides could alter the structure of cells.

    Using Units

    • When converting units, ensure that both measurements have the same unit before proceeding with the calculation.
    • Remember the conversion factors between mm (millimetres), µm (micrometres), and nm (nanometres) to help with calculations.
    • Make conversions so that both measurements have the same unit before doing calculations, especially in magnification calculations.

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