Cs 101 ( Module 31-40)

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Questions and Answers

What organization developed the most commonly used standards for encoding and compressing audio and video?

JPEG

ISO

HDTV

MPEG (correct)

What is the main difference between the demands of high definition television (HDTV) broadcast and video conferencing?

HDTV requires lower video quality

HDTV requires higher video quality (correct)

HDTV requires different broadcast signals

HDTV requires more communication paths

How are the pictures between I-frames encoded in video compression techniques?

By encoding the entire picture

By encoding relative encoding techniques

By encoding only the distinctions from the prior image (correct)

By encoding randomly

What is the full form of MP3 in the context of audio compression?

MPEG Layer 3 Signup and view all the answers

What property of the human ear does MP3 compression take advantage of?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What was the major limitation of early computers?

The steps that each device executed were built into the control unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the idea of storing a computer's program in its main memory called?

Stored-program concept Signup and view all the answers

What is the list of machine instructions that a typical CPU must be able to decode and execute?

A quite short list Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of designing a CPU to execute a minimal set of machine instructions?

A reduced instruction set computer (RISC) Signup and view all the answers

What type of processor architecture is used in Apple Macintosh computers?

Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of compressing audio and video data?

To obtain encodings that allow for fast transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the register unit in a CPU?

To provide temporary storage of information within the CPU Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the bus in a CPU?

To transfer bit patterns between the CPU and main memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transferring data from main memory to the CPU called?

Reading Signup and view all the answers

How many steps are involved in the process of adding two values stored in main memory?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the contents of the instruction register after the CPU decodes the instruction 166D?

166D Signup and view all the answers

What is the operation performed during the execution step when the CPU decodes the instruction 5056?

Two's complement addition Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of masking in bitwise operations?

To filter certain bits in a pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the AND operation when the byte 00001111 is the first operand?

The four most significant bits of the result are 0s Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the halt instruction (C000) in the machine cycle?

To stop the program execution Signup and view all the answers

Why are ARM based processors preferred in consumer electronics?

Because they are designed for low power consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the data transfer group of instructions?

To move data from one location to another Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the LOAD instruction in a CPU?

To transfer data from a memory cell to a register Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the control group of instructions?

To direct the execution of a program Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Instruction Register in a CPU?

To hold the instruction being executed Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a mask with the AND operation in a bit map?

To find out whether the object associated with a particular bit is present Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of ORing any byte with 11110000?

A result with 1s in its most significant four bits while its remaining bits are a copy of the least significant four bits of the other operand Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of XORing any byte with a mask of all 1s?

The byte is inverted Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature among the various shift operations?

What happens with the extra bit and the hole Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a right circular shift operation?

To rotate the bits within a register Signup and view all the answers

What operation does shifting binary digits to the left correspond to?

Multiplication by two Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of preserving the sign bit when using certain notational systems?

To preserve the sign of the number Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of subtraction simulated by in 2's complement notation?

Addition and negation Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying concept of multiplication in binary arithmetic?

Repetitive addition Signup and view all the answers

How can division be achieved in some CPUs?

Through subtraction Signup and view all the answers

What type of notation requires the use of mantissa, exponent, and sign bit for arithmetic operations?

Floating point notation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of arithmetic shifts in binary arithmetic?

They leave the sign bit unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the sign bit in binary arithmetic?

To indicate the sign of the number Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between arithmetic shifts and logical shifts?

Arithmetic shifts preserve the sign bit, while logical shifts do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using 2's complement notation for arithmetic operations?

It is straightforward for arithmetic operations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Compression: Compressing Audio and Videos

The Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) developed standards for encoding and compressing audio and video.
MPEG encompasses various standards for different applications, such as HDTV broadcast, video conferencing, and storing video.
Video compression techniques are based on constructing video as a sequence of pictures, encoding only some of the pictures (I-frames) in their entirety, and using relative encoding techniques for the pictures between I-frames.
I-frames are usually compressed using techniques similar to JPEG.
MP3 (MPEG layer 3) is a system for compressing audio, taking advantage of the properties of the human ear, such as temporal masking and frequency masking.
MP3 can achieve significant compression of audio while maintaining near CD quality sound.

Data Manipulation: CPU Basic

A CPU consists of three parts: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register unit.
The register unit contains data storage cells (registers) used for temporary storage of information within the CPU.
General-purpose registers hold the inputs to the arithmetic/logic unit's circuitry and provide storage space for results produced by that unit.
The CPU extracts data from main memory, informs the arithmetic/logic unit which registers hold the data, activates the appropriate circuitry, and tells the arithmetic/logic unit which register should receive the result.
The CPU and main memory are connected by a bus, which allows for the transfer of bit patterns.

Data Manipulation: Stored Program

The stored-program concept is the idea of storing a computer's program in its main memory.
The control unit is designed to extract the program from memory, decode the instructions, and execute them.
This approach allows for changing the program that the machine follows by changing the contents of the computer's memory.

Data Manipulation: CPU Architecture Philosophies

There are two philosophies of CPU architecture: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer).
RISC architecture is designed to execute a minimal set of machine instructions, making it efficient, fast, and less expensive to manufacture.
CISC architecture is designed to execute a large number of complex instructions, allowing for more flexibility and power.

Data Manipulation: Machine Instruction Categories

Machine instructions can be categorized into three groups:
- Data transfer group: instructions that request the movement of data from one location to another.
- Arithmetic/logic group: instructions that tell the control unit to request an activity within the arithmetic/logic unit.
- Control group: instructions that direct the execution of the program.

Data Manipulation: Program Execution

The machine instruction is fetched from main memory to the CPU, decoded, and obeyed.
The order of execution is determined by the instructions stored in memory, unless specified by a JUMP instruction.
Special-purpose registers include the instruction register, which holds the instruction being executed, and the program counter, which contains the address of the next instruction to be executed.

Data Manipulation: Program Execution Example

A program that reads two numbers from memory, adds them, and stores the result in memory is executed by the CPU.
The CPU analyzes the instructions, loads the registers, performs the addition, and stores the result.

Data Manipulation: Logic Operators

Bitwise operations combine two strings of bits to produce a single output string.
AND operation: combines two bit patterns, producing a result that is a partial replica of one of the operands, with 0s occupying the nonduplicated positions.
OR operation: combines two bit patterns, producing a result that duplicates a part of the string while putting 1s in the nonduplicated part.
XOR operation: forms the complement of a bit string by XORing it with a mask of all 1s.
Masking: using an operand to determine which part of the other operand will affect the result.### Bitwise Operations
The XOR operation can be used to invert all bits of an RGB bitmap image, resulting in an "inverted" color image.
Inverting bits means replacing light colors with dark colors and vice versa.

Rotation and Shift Operations

Rotation and shift operations provide a means for moving bits within a register and are often used in solving alignment problems.
These operations are classified by the direction of motion (right or left) and whether the process is circular.
There are numerous variations of shift operations with mixed terminology.

Circular Shift (Rotation)

In a circular shift, the bit that falls off the right end is placed in the hole at the left end.
Performing a right circular shift on a byte-sized bit pattern eight times returns the original bit pattern.

Logical Shift

In a logical shift, the bit that falls off the edge is discarded and the hole is filled with a 0.
Logical shifts to the left can be used for multiplying two's complement representations by two.
Shifting binary digits to the left corresponds to multiplication by two, similar to a decimal shift corresponding to multiplication by ten.
Division by two can be accomplished by shifting the binary string to the right.

Preserving Sign Bit

When using certain notational systems, care must be taken to preserve the sign bit during shifts.
Right shifts that always fill the hole (at the sign bit position) with its original value are called arithmetic shifts.

Arithmetic Operations

Subtraction can be simulated by addition and negation in 2's complement notation.
Multiplication is repetitive addition, and division can be achieved through subtraction.
CPUs can perform arithmetic operations using only addition, or addition and subtraction.

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